Effect Of Raising Minimum Wage - 1215 Words

Effects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our country is being put into effect as we speak. This movement is for all fast food chains and small businesses to raise the prices of minimum wage. Sixteen states have already agreed to raise the prices of minimum wage in 2016. These states include: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, and West Virginia. An article on the states raising minimum wage from CNBC says, â€Å"These wage increases range from 5 cents an hour in South Dakota to a dollar in California, Massachusetts and Nebraska.† However, it will not stop here. These groups that are pushing for raises in minimum wage are asking for fifteen dollars an hour. These campaigners call their movement the â€Å"fight for 15.† As Christine Owens, executive director of the National Employment Law Project said, We ve seen incredible momentum this past year in the fight to raise wages to a level that will make a meaningful differenceShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our countryRead MoreThe Effects Of Raising The Minimum Wage1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Impacts of Raising the Minimum Wage While the debate over the effects of raising the minimum wage continues, there are countless studies and statistical data to support both sides of this controversy. Often the negative impacts of these wage increases are overshadowed by those who want to help the working class who live at or below the poverty level. Do these increases actually help the ones that they were intended to help? What are the negative impacts on the rest of the working classRead MoreThe Effects Of Raising The Minimum Wage1944 Words   |  8 Pages At one point or another, minimum wage is a term that most American people will familiarize themselves with. The topic of minimum wage can sometimes be a particularly controversial one, so it is important that we understand the true effects that this has on our nation’s economy. Before the fall of our economy and the increase in prices of everyday necessities, such as monthly bills, groceries and gasoline, a family could have found it easier to survive off o f this wage; however, as the prices continueRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Effects of Raising Minimum Wage805 Words   |  4 Pagessensitive topic for many Americans is their income. Many people’s income relies on minimum wage. In 2012, 3.6 million people received an hourly pay at or below minimum wage. There is an ongoing debate in government as to what the minimum wage should be. Stuck at $7.25, Obama has suggested raising the minimum wage to $9.00. Depending on a person’s perspective, raising minimum wage could be positive or negative. Minimum wage has the ability to change lives, and change the economy. Small businesses and unemploymentRead More The Negative Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesIf we took away the minimum wage, we could wipe out unemployment completely because we would be able to offer jobs at every possible skill level. -- Michele Bachmann Proponents of raising the minimum wage claim that if the minimum wage was raised, then many economic and social problems would be alleviated. This contention is at odds both with economic principles and years of creditable research. The effect of raising or even having a minimum wage has been studied extensively and theRead MoreThe Effects Of Raising Minimum Wage On The United States2322 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effects of Raising Minimum Wage My topic of interest is the effects of raising minimum wage in the U.S. Minimum wage is defined as the lowest wage permitted by law or by special agreement. In 1938, President Roosevelt signed a bill called the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set the minimum wage at $0.25. Although, overtime inflation devalued the amount of the dollar so it was raised there on. After raising the minimum wage the cost of living would keep going up every year. Also, currentlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Raising Minimum Wage On The United States969 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage Raising minimum wage has in the recent years become a very controversial and personal issue, and although it is slowly becoming a more popular idea, some people still resist the movement. What people who oppose the adjustment of minimum wage are not considering, is that by raising minimum wage, it will allow low income families or otherwise low income individuals to earn more, in turn, allowing them to spend more money on goods and services. It will also help theRead MoreThe Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage on US Economy1507 Words   |  6 Pagesyear, the minimum wage has been increasing from less than a dollar to $7.25 now. The question that comes to everybody is that should we increase the minimum wage by too far. Does the minimum wage increase reduce the unemployment since now the current wage is high enough? Some people might think that we should increase the minimum wage in order to increase the labor supply. However, if we think deeply than this, there are more disadvantag es than advantages of increasing the minimum wage. The fartherRead MoreRaising the Minimum Wage: A Counter-Intuitive Solution Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesWhile some believe that raising the minimum wage will resolve poverty issues and lack of pay with the signing of legislation, the raising of the minimum wage to $10.10 an hour (as advocated by President Obama and the Democrats) would cause the poverty issue to be worse than it already is; inflation would occur, employees would be laid off, and minimum wage employees would lose welfare benefits, thus offsetting the wage increase. The Government should consider the effects on the American economy asRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe minimum wage is one of the most controversial issues on our country, which is United States has been facing last ten years. There have been never ending debates over this issue until the government, company, and others party stand together, and raise the minimum wage throughout the nations. There are communities that believe raise the minimum wage has negative impact of every sector of the country. Other communities have different beliefs over the issue, raising the minimum wage helps the poor

Macbeth Character Analysis - 1140 Words

Macbeth Thane of Glamis and Cawdor General in the King’s army Physical description and traits: Macbeth is ambitious, as well as superstitious, he is known for his military prowess, boldness and bravery. He is peerless, affectionate, loyal, dominant in imposing stern terms upon he vanquished. He is hubris, as well as an opportunist. He has a conscience, which hinders him at first in securing the crown. Role in Play: Macbeth is the protagonist, he is also the tragic hero. Role in the Plot: Macbeth plays the role of an ambitious character that murders Duncan in order to secure the crown, during the play, he fluctuates between murderous fevered action and moments of terrible guilt. Lady Macbeth Physical†¦show more content†¦Like Duncan, he represents divine right to the crown. He shows gratitude, wisdom, moderation, religiousness, and resolution. Role in Story: Malcolm is the antagonist, his return to the thrown symbolizes restoration of order following Macbeth’s reign of terror. Role in Plot: He is another person that Macbeth has to fight in order to secure the thrown. Donalbain Younger son of Duncan Physical description and traits: Role in Play: Role in Plot: Like Malcolm, Donalbain is another person Macbeth would have to step over to keep the crown. Lennox Scottish Nobleman Physical description and traits: Lennox is very observant, he is suspicious, sarcastic, fearful, and courageous. Role in Play: Lennox has the gift of irony, regarded as having a shrewd mind, for he early suspects Macbeth. Role in Plot: Exposes Macbeth. Ross Scottish Nobleman Macbeth’s cousin Physical descriptions and traits: Neutral and colorless. Role in Play: Herald and messenger Role in Plot: Brought good news about Macbeth’s military victory, and bad news about Macduff’s family, causing Macduff to avenge his family. Siward Earl of Northumberland General in English forces Physical description and traits: likable, brave, soldier. Role in Play: Antagonist, Ally of Macduff and Malcolm Role in Plot: He isShow MoreRelatedMacbeth s Character Analysis : Macbeth1086 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth s Character Analysis Shakespeare presents Macbeth as a noble thane of King Duncan in the beginning of the play. The three witches tell Macbeth he will become King of Scotland; his desire and ambition to become king causes him to suffer. Macbeth’s greed causes his change in character, and this is revealed by what he says, what he does, and what others say about him. Macbeth’s changes are revealed through what he says. Thomas Thrasher said, â€Å"Macbeth is a noble character of flawless moralsRead More Macbeth: Character Analysis Of Macbeth Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis of Macbeth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Macbeth was a true Shakespearean tragic hero. He had many noble qualities as well as several tragic flaws. He was a courageous, brave and good nobleman who was haunted by superstition, moral cowardice and an overwhelming ambition. Progressively through the play, his flaws started consuming his qualities until they are that can be seen of him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Macbeth was a courageous and strong nobleman. He and BanquoRead MoreEssay Macbeth Character Analysis577 Words   |  3 Pages Character Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, many character traits are portrayed through the various characters throughout the play. Macbeth was one of Shakespeareamp;#8217;s greatest tragedies. It was completed in 1606 and was most likely first performed before King James I and his royal family at Hampton Court. King James I is believed to be a direct descendent of the character Banquo. Probably the most potent character trait expressedRead MoreLady Macbeth Character Analysis1057 Words   |  5 PagesLady Macbeth: If we look at the stage time Lady Macbeth’s character gets throughout the play, we cannot be consider her to be marginalised. Appearing in about 10 scenes, she has a great number of powerful, memorable monologues and is for all intents and purposes, the female protagonist. It is however the changes her character goes through that classifes her as marginalised. Her character is the one undergoing the greatest transformation. She begins the play with full strength and a dominating personalityRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis964 Words   |  4 Pages In the Shakespearean play ‘Macbeth’, the title character and his wife Lady Macbeth become the victims of the destructive force that is evil. Although the two characters shelter a sinister persona, Macbeth is less virtuous, demonstrating his villainous qualities conspicuously due to the crimes he committed that Lady Macbeth did not instigate. However, it is evident that Lady Macbeth, intertwined with other outside factors, was the primary motivation for Macbeth’s immoral inclinations, as she is viewedRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis1102 Words   |  5 Pagestough doesn’t make you mentally strong, in the play Macbeth, there is a huge theme of manhood placed throughout. William Shakespeare is the creator of Macbeth and is a genius for placing the theme in this tragedy play. The main character, Macbeth, struggle to find his manhood. Banquo , Macbeth’s best friend, is a true man, as well as a character with the name of Macduff. In acts one through fo ur of Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, Banquo, as well as Macbeth and Macduff, will show or try to prove their manhoodRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis928 Words   |  4 PagesA story is only as good as the characters within them, and in the case of William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, countless individuals are used to progress the tragedy of the disaster that is Macbeth. Lady Macbeth assists in her husband’s inevitable demise by initially providing the reprehensible plan to murder Duncan, and by lowering her husband’s confidence with criticism. Early on in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth receives a mysterious message from three witches, promising his title as Thane of CawdorRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis747 Words   |  3 Pageshalf by supernatural force and half by your own action, because sometimes people can make their decisions and that will affect their destiny. In â€Å"Sports Genes†, â€Å"Into the Wild†, and â€Å"Macbeth†, the main characters all made their own choice but there were still outside forces that effected their decisions. In â€Å"Macbeth† although he made his own decisions of doing all the bad things he is doing, but the witches are the ones who affected his decisions and made him do all the things. In â€Å"Sports Genes†Read MoreCharacter Analysis Of Macbeth1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe tragic poem of Macbeth is filled with challenges against the accepted societal norms. Macbeth was a normal man whose greed and ambition had led him to murder the king for th e throne. Shakespeare often displays conflicts through characters internal battle with themselves, contemplating whether to make decisions that could alter societys view on them. One of the most significant examples of this is through the unfortunate Macbeth, who had violently forced his way into the throne. This path thatRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis953 Words   |  4 Pagescan affect you in the long run and can easily contribute to a downfall. Macbeth was fully aware of the choices he made with the inhumane torture and disrespect he had on the citizens of Scotland. Being a tragic hero is when one experiences an immense tragedy which leads to a downfall, but Macbeth never had a tragedy because his death originated from the choices he made and reactions he had while he had authority as king. Macbeth being selfish and only caring about himself creates an undeserving and

Peace essay free essay sample

OAt least three (probably more) properly cited quotes from the (each) novel. 0 Accurate and insightful analysis of the novel. 0 Generally correct grammar and mechanics. Suggested essay topics Essay option #1 : John Knowles book A Separate Peace is the story of Gene Forresters oming of age. Using the events of the book, trace the Journey by which Gene is transformed from an unconfident, fearful, angry teenager to a grown up who has managed to successfully deal with these negative feelings and to live a life of inner peace and harmony. Since the object of this essay is to show how Gene gets from POINT A to POINT B, you need to decide upon the stages or steps of development which make up his Journey and what he eventually learns by the end of the novel. It is imperative that telling quotes and analysis from the books final chapter is used to llustrate the final stage of his growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Peace essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Essay option #2: Using the scenes and events from the novel, compare the personalities, characteristics, and motivations of both Gene and Finny. Explore how lay out general ideas about both characters and which one is better suited to be successful in this world and why. You will support your thesis by selecting specific examples of each characters behavior and then discussing whether that behavior is typical or uncharacteristic of human beings in general. Your essay will include analysis of BOTH characters actions and motivations. Honors option #1: By focusing on the major conflicts in both A Separate Peace and The Kite Runner, write an essay that compares the two novels and what their central message is. You will support your thesis by selecting specific examples from both novels and then discussing which novel presents the most accurate representation of true human nature. Your essay must include sufficient analysis of both novels. Since you are comparing the novels, you need to craft a thesis that explores subtle or significant similarities or differences in the stories. Honors option #2: Both A Separate Peace and The Kite Runner tell the story of a arrator who struggles to come to grips with the guilt over his role in a traumatic event from his childhood. Using the events from both books, draw parallels between the coming of age Journey undertaken by the main characters. Since the object of this essay is to show how both narrators get from POINT A to POINT B, you need to decide upon the stages or steps of development which make up their Journeys and what they eventually learn. It is imperative that you use telling quotes and analysis from the books final chapters are used to illustrate the final stage of growth.

Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association

Introduction The National Football League (NFL) team owners and the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) started negotiation on sharing the revenues. In 2006, both parties agreed upon sharing formula. However, in 2008, the NFL owners decided to opt out of the agreement which expired in March of 2011.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following events showed the NFL owners failing to finalize the deal. Consequently, the NFLPA also failed to ratify the negotiation deal. It has raised a number of issues they consider both parties must finalize before they can reach the actual deal. This paper shall negotiate for the players through their association, NFLPA. There are some outstanding issues which both parties must resolve before they can announce the actual de al and enable the players resume training for the year-long league. The NFLPA wants the association reestablished as a union. In addition, as the only representative of the players in negotiations. Both the board and players have agreed on this issue. The NFLPA seeks an opportunity for its players to opt out the deal after the fifth year. The players want to retain the current compensation rule that allows them to file for claims. On the other hand, the NFL owners want certain restriction with regard to retired players’ claims. The NFLPA wants reimbursement of lost benefits the previous agreement did not require the NFL owners to pay. The NFLPA wants the compensation amounts for injury guarantees increased from what the NFL owners have offered. The owners have agreed to guarantee up to one million dollars for the first season and up to a half a million dollars if the injury persists into the next season. Definition of interests, resistance points, and alternatives The NFLPA has interests in the above issues. The NFLPA target points and positions rotate around what it hopes to achieve from the NFLPA owners. According to NFLPA, that is fair for the players to receive and finalize those issues and reach an agreement. This will help the NFL owners understand what the NFLPA wants. This is a relationship-based interest. It directly relates to both the current and future relationships between NFL players and NFL owners. At the same time, it also takes accounts of intangibles of negotiations both NFL owners and players wish to uphold. These include specific targets of compensations, positive thinking about the objectives, trade-offs and throwaways derived from the negotiation issues. These factors will guide both parties in achieving a settlement which is fair and agreeable to all. When a negotiation reaches a resistance point, both parties decide absolutely not to continue with the negotiation because of what each party offers is minimally acceptable (Lewick i, Barry and Saunders, 2010). NFLPA resistance points occur when NFL owners do not wish to increase the amount of injury guarantees, when players cannot opt out from the agreement after five years, and when the owners will not agree that NFLPA reestablish as a union.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also alternatives that negotiating parties can achieve and still meet their needs. They will show whether the current outcome is better than another possibility. For instance, NFLPA can settle for compensation of lost benefits, increased compensation for injury guarantees, and seek a deal for players to opt out after five years. However, it can compromise its long-term objectives such as reestablishing the NFLPA as a union, and forgoing reimbursements in lost compensations. In this manner, they will walk away with better alternatives and plan to pursue the compromis ed issues later. Assessment of constituencies and the social context of negotiations NFLPA has players and the board to represent in this negotiation. These people will evaluate and critique the outcome achieved. Constituents like observers (a couple of players and football veterans) will determine participants of the negotiation, the mediator, and who can ratify the deal. This negotiation shall also occur under rules of labor laws, sports customs and norms, business practices, and of course, in a neutral venue. Definition of protocol for negotiation NFLPA must establish its negotiation agenda by prioritizing necessary issues first. In addition, it must also insist on a neutral venue where the negotiators will feel comfortable and relaxed and have access to all amenities. NFLPA must also set the time limit for its negotiation to enable players resume training at the facilities. Time must define all elements of negotiation. In case the negotiation fails, NFLPA has the option of walki ng out. Then it can reevaluate its issues and identify points of contention and try a neutral approach. At the same time, it can also seek the help of expert negotiators. NFLPA must also record every point of negotiation discussions. NFLPA must set parameters to know whether the agreement is good, negotiation has reached an end and any procedural difficulties. Then it can evaluate its issues and compare them with the outcomes, and what it can improve upon in subsequent negotiations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methods of preventing potential negotiation impasses This negotiation is likely to result into impasses because of the monetary value involved. However, in order to avoid these impasses, NFLPA must prepare by deciding on important issues, define its goals, and thi nk how to work with the NFL owners. It must aim at building the relationship by knowing the NFL owners well, identify similarities and differences, and work towards achieving a mutually beneficial set of outcomes. NFLPA must also gather information regarding what it needs to know about the negotiation, NFL owners and their needs, feasibility f the possible deal, and any consequences in case failed negotiation. NFLPA must make its bid from make moves from its initial, ideal position (opening offers) to the actual outcome. At this stage, both NFLPA and NFL owners must state their issues and make moves towards a neutral middle ground. NFLPA must prepare to close the deal. The aim is to make a commitment to the agreement reached in the previous phase. Both parties must assure each other that they are happy with the outcomes, or to some extent accept them. NFLPA must prepare to implement the agreement. Both parties must fulfill the agreement reached. They must also be aware of flawed agr eement, missing key issues, changing situation, and arising new issues. Any flaws and new issues may force the parties to reopen negotiation, look for a negotiator, arbitrators, or to some extent the courts. Description of methods of managing potential impasses First, all parties must focus on what they share in common in fostering a climate of collaboration i.e. they must establish main goals. Focusing on shared goals improve relations among the parties in conflict, and sensitize the parties about the merits of resolving their differences in order to avoid jeopardizing their mutual goals. They must establish common goals to provide context for their discussions. This is particularly useful between NFLPA players and NFL owners.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, the parties must separate people from the problem. Once, the parties have established common interest among them, and the need to resolving negotiation issues, it is useful to focus their attention on the real issues at hand. This is solving a problem. NFL owners should not use avoidance as an approach to solving existing issues between them and NFLPA players. Biased negotiations are likely to result in mutual satisfaction if the parties remove people from their disagreement by suppressing their personal desires for revenge or one-upmanship. Parties must not look at each other as rival, but rather as the advocate of a point of view. For instance, NFLPA should focus on seeing unreasonable position rather than unreasonable person. Third, the parties must focus on interests, and not positions. Positions create demands or assertions, whereas interests constitute the reasons behind the demands. It is easy to create agreement on interests because interests are broad and multifacet ed. The parties must redefine and broaden the problem to make it tractable. Therefore, varieties of issues must be examined to enable parties understand each other’s point of view and put their own forward. For instance, NFLA owners may ask NFLPA players that, Help me understand why you advocate your position. Fourth, the parties must create options for mutual gains. Parties must generate unusual and creative solutions to the conflict. All parties must focus on brainstorming alternatives and mutually agreeable solutions. Consequently, parties change their positions from competitive to collaboration approach. Many alternatives create many positions of finding a common ground for all parties. For instance, the mediator may tell the parties â€Å"we understand each other’s underlying concerns and objectives, let us now brainstorm ways of satisfying all our needs†. Fifth, the parties must use objective criteria in evaluating alternatives. Even collaborative process has some elements of incompatible behavior and interests. Therefore, the parties should use this opportunity to determine what is fair for them. However, the parties must remain cautious on how they must judge fairness. For instance, NFLA players may shift their positions from getting what they want to making sense through fostering open, reasonable attitude. This approach encourages parties to drop their initial adamant positions. Parties must ask what is a fair way to evaluating the merits of the arguments. Sixth, parties must define success in terms of real gains, and not imagine their losses. For instance, NFL owners may accept three crucial demands of NFLPA players, and NFLPA players forgo the rest of the issues, or postpone to later negotiations. NFL owners’ first interpretation must focus on their gains rather than their losses. Satisfaction with an outcome varies depending on standards we set to judge them. Mediators must recognize that a collaborative approach facili tates resolution by evaluating the value of proposed solutions against reasonable standards. Therefore, the parties’ perspective must reflect an outcome that constitutes a meaningful improvement over the current situations. Conclusion According to Lewicki, Barry and Saunder, negotiation epitomizes lifelong learning. Best negotiators continue to learn from their past experiences. They recognize that every negotiation is different. Thus, they must continue to learn from their experiences (Saunders, Lewicki and Barry, 2010). Negotiators must remain sharp and stays focused, and continue to learn and practice the art of negotiation continuously. At the same time, best negotiators always take time to reflect the outcomes of negotiations to review what transpired and lesson learnt, and action points. This case must also apply to both NFLPA players and NFLPA owners. References Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B. and Saunders, D. M. (2010). Negotiation, 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Saunde rs, D. M., Lewicki, R. J. and Barry, B. (2010). Negotiation: Readings, exercises, and cases, 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. This case study on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association was written and submitted by user D'KenNeraman1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Example

Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Example Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Essay Topic: The Chosen Dats structures are one of the most common principles computer operation, the ability to locate, add or delete data is common and used as soon as you turn on your computer system. The fundamental reason for using data structures is that it uses efficient ways of carrying out the above operations when large amounts of data are involved in the calculations. Lists, string, stacks, queues, arrays trees are some of the most common data structures. They have been adapted from many pre-computing methods, as a queue in its principal is exactly the same as a queue in a shop for items, for example. Linear List A linear list could be considered a one-dimensional array. The list of numbers form what is called a linear list, ie. 5.1, 1.2, .5.9, .3.6, .4.7. Those numbers on themselves are meaningless data, however with a context it becomes information, for example 5.1 is the 0-60 time of a car would be a suitable context. The data in the list has to have a numeric amount of =0. Data can be stored inside computers as a linear list. If an item has to be added, then the item of data in the middle of the list, then all the data after the item needs to be inserted after the item to make way for the new item of data. Algorithms could be developed to do this, however in reality they would not be used, and would prove to be not efficient if large amounts of data were involved. The pointer system is the preffered system to be used, which shows how newer data structures enable the user to insert and delete items of data without having to move any existing data. However this is not the most efficient way of dealing with large amounts of data. Stacks A stack is a method used to insert and delete items from a linear list. The concept of a stack is of fundamental importance in computing as it is used in so many different applications, adnt hius principle of a stack is illustrated. E.g. The numbers in the list: 23, 54, 10 90. If the numbers were set out vertically, the list would look like: 23 54 10 90 If 77 was added to the stack when it is pushed on top of the stack. The stack now looks like this: 77 23 54 10 90 If an item is to be removed, is it said to be popped off the stack in the last number in first number out (LIFO last in first out). Often machine code programming involved push and pop as mnemonics for the same purpose. In reality this system works within a computer memory using a pointer system, so that is points to a memory location inside the computer that indicates the top of the stack. If the pointer is ued iin this way then it gains the name stack pointer. Queues A queue is very simmilar I principle to how a stack operates. A queue is often called a FIFO stack (First in First out). The operation of the queue is the same as the operation of a normal queue. (if you were first into a shop you would get server first). When the data has been processed and the first operation has been used (start pointer) the stack does not shift up, just the pointers are moved. This therefore acts as a circular list, so when all the items have been popped and some more pushed on, the procedure is started again from the top using three pointers. The pseudocode to delete some data from a queue could be shown as the following: PROCEDURE INSERT(Size, Start_Pointer, Stop_pointer, Data) (*is queue full?*) IF start_pointer = 1 AND Stop_Pointer = Size OR Start_Pointer = Stop_Pointer + 1 THEN PRINT Queue is already full EXIT PROCEDURE ENDIF (*Check to see if queue is empty*) IF Start_pointer = 0 THEN (*initialise queue*) SET Start_pointer = 1 and SET Stop_pointer = 1 (*Queue not empty, update pointers*) ELSE IF Stop_pointer = Size THEN SET Stop_pointer = 1 (*Put stop_pointer back to beginning*) ELSE SET Stop_pointer = Stop_pointer + 1 (*Update stop_pointer*) ENDIF ENDIF QUEUE(Stop_pointer) = Data (*Store data in queue*) END PROCEDURE Arrays An array is ordering of data elements so that information can be extracted from them. The size of an array depends on the number of rows and columns. Most high level languages allow many more than two or three dimensional arrays, however much memory is consumed for multi-dimensional arrays. Eg. A 5-D array containing 10 elements in each D would require: 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 = 100,000 locations. (if each number could be scored in one location). Arrays must be represented in computers as a linear list ( a 1-D array). To represent an array in a computers memory requires mapping of each element of the array to the corresponding locations that will score the array. The 3 X 4 array with an identifies, T. eg. 10 21 37 31 T = 35 22 14 66 13 82 26 94 Using row-by-row mapping, this array is shown as: (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) T 10, 21, 37, 31, 35, 22, 14, 66, 13, 82, 26, 94 Linked Lists In a linked list the structure of the data does not necessarily reflect the way in which the data is stored in the computers memory locations. A linked list uses pointers, where a pointer is simply a number stored in memory which points to another locations where another item of data can be located. When data is required to be added or deleted to a list, it becomes a valuable function of a linked list that additions or deletions can be operated without having to move other items of data. The only parts which actually change are the pointers within the list. The end pointer is usual to be known as a free space pointer at at least one location, which will be where new data is added in the list. The deletion of an item of data will cause a change of pointer location, not of the actual data itself. The procedure for adding a new node. The process for this is shown in five simplied steps below: 1. Determine where in the list the node is to be inserted 2. Store data at the position indicated by free storage pointer 3. Alter free storage pointer to point to the next free location. 4. Alter the files on either side. Eg. 1-2-3 (with 2 being the new node, 1 is linked to 2 and 2 to 3 via changing the current 13 pointer locations. The same principal can be used for circular (ring) lists with the start and end pointer being attached to the same node. Tree Structures Data can not exactly fit into a list structure, and other structures (eg hierarchial data structure) are used. Such a data structure is useful for a related objects, for example a vehicle parts list with the car as a whole taking the primary hierarchial postion. At the bottom of the tree there is a child node which is said to have no children (most commonly called a leaf node or terminal node). Although this is easier to quickly locate data in this way, it is more difficult to add and delete nodes compared with that of linear lists. It is usual to use some form of stack, so that the route though the tree can be tracked to the previously visited nodes. Binary Trees These are a kind of the parent node is only allowed two terminal nodes. Binary tree structures are implemented using pointer systems in similar ways to the node pointers used with linked lists. Once the child node from the parent node is chosen, the further choices exist in a sub-tree because the root node is no longer entirely accessible. Hash tables A hash funtion is a set of rules when applied to a five digit key field creates a suitable address in the table. The has function is simmialr to a pointer that is used to point to a location where the necessary data is located. A generalised has function is used simmialry to the following example Address = Hash function (key field) Hash function = key field is squared, then taken right- hand digits and finally add 1. Using the hashing function for the following number: (12345) we get: Original Number|Number squared|Right-hand three digits|Right-hand three digits ADD 1 12345 152399025 025 26 One disadvantage of the hashing function is their ability to create the same address within the table for different key fields. This is known as a collision.

Teaching the receptive skills Essays

Teaching the receptive skills Essays Teaching the receptive skills Paper Teaching the receptive skills Paper This study aims to present some useful techniques to teachers who are aiming to improve the students receptive skills (reading, listening). Researchers and teachers of second languages realized that most of their students were able to ask questions from foreigners but were not able to understand what they had answered. It is one of the various good reasons for teaching reading/listening. Students may actually need to read/listen for their work or study, or they want to read/listen for pleasure. In each case, the process needs to be as easy as possible for them. Exercises focusing on the receptive skills allow the study and practice of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and punctuation, and the reading/listening can provoke conversation and discussion. At first, the teachers main task is to get familiar with the different types of reading and listening activities. In case of reading there are: skimming, scanning, receptive/intensive reading and extensive reading. In the followings I would like to present them separately. Skimming means when students are examining a text rapidly with occasional periods of close inspection, i. e. , quickly running their eyes over the text to get the general idea. In the case of scanning students are locating a specific symbol or group of symbols (e. g. : a date or a name of a person or place). So, students are quickly searching for some particular pieces of information. Receptive/intensive reading means a careful reading aimed to discover exactly what the author seeks to convey; often reading for information; readers need to understand linguistic and semantic detail and pay attention to the text. At last, we speak about extensive reading when readers read for pleasure; readers need to understand all details of the text; speed and skill in getting the general idea are most important (Knutson 1998). According to Harmer (1991; p. 217-228) there are 5 types of listening:   Listening to extract specific information: students listen for specific information at word level (e. g. : filling in charts)   Listening for communicative tasks: asks students to listen in order to perform some kind of communicative tasks which is as much like real life as possible, and which involves students working together to solve a problem (Harmer 1991; p. 219)   Listening for general understanding: students listen to conversations in order to get a general idea of what the main points are Listening for detail: students listen for groups of and phrases at sentence level When the teacher is aware of the different kinds of reading and listening activities, he/she has to select the authentic materials. He/she has to take into consideration some very important aspects. Namely, the topic of the text should be interesting to the students and relevant to their age. The teachers also have to know the students background knowledge, including their experience with the topic, their level of English and the new vocabulary that should be presented. The teacher also has to examine the text, I mean whether it is organized in a clear way or not. He/she has to know the length and the quality of the text. As Brewster (1991; p. 6) points out, Their attention span is limited. Therefore, tasks should be short, varied, motivating and interesting and should offer concrete perceptual support. When all the above mentioned aspects are clear for the teacher, he/she can start the lesson, which is concentrating on the receptive skills. According to the book, Kri ti ti l a Videi ig teachers should spend some time with presenting the topic. That can be done by making the students start to talk about the topic or tell their opinion separately and loudly to the class. The teachers can also ask questions related to the topic in order to encourage a whole class talking (Holli et al. 1996). If you are having a reading/listening lesson, you should work on four different stages, namely: Before reading/listening, during reading/listening, after reading/listening, feedback and guidance. The first one is the stage before learners actually read to listen to the text. The function of this stage is to prepare learners to engage in the text, try to do this as effectively as possible, because it is very important to motivate the students for reading/listening the text. At this stage before reading and listening they will have already formed an idea about the content and type of the text. It is also the time when new vocabulary should be presented and the worksheets should be given out to the students. The teacher has to tell them clearly what there task is. While the students are listening or reading the teacher should circulate among them in order to see how well they are moving on and help them if it is necessary. Then, when the text had been listened or read the teacher should check whether they were able to complete the exercise or not. If it was not enough to listen to or read the text once, he/she lets them do it again. Sometimes I ask them not to write anything on their handouts at the first listening/reading, just pay attention to the text carefully. On the feedback stage the teacher together with the students corrects the handouts. True or false statements are popular ways of checking comprehension, and I think that students also like doing these activities. Every course book includes such activities. My favourite reading exercise is mosaic reading, all the students like it, too. I found this exercise in the book, Mi g 135 i tlet. In this activity students are given different paragraphs of a story. I often give out tales that are cut into pieces (e. g. : Snow White). Students read their extract and choose the main happening of it. While they are reading I am walking in the class and help them if there is an unknown word or phrase. They write a statement, and two questions related to their extract. For instance: We are in a little house where everything is so tiny. Why? Who are living here? When the students are ready they ask their questions and the others are checking their extracts to find the answer. If somebody fins it he/she will tell the class. With the help of these questions and answers the students will be able to build up and take into a chronological order the whole story (Gedeon et al. 2002). The students favourite listening exercise is of course when we listen to pop songs. I try to make this more enjoyable by asking them at the end of a lesson to write down their favourite song on a sheet. Then, I collect them and choose one of them. On the next lesson we will listen to that song. I give out the lyric of the song with some missing words; while they are listening they have to complete the gaps. When we have the complete lyric, they translate it to get the general idea of the song. I use the Internet to find the lyrics of the songs. This study aimed to find ways with which the receptive skills of the students can be improved. The most important a teacher should do is to make the students realize what a wonderful thing it is when we are able to understand a foreign language and read a newspaper that is not written in our native language. References 1. Knutson, Elizabeth M. (1998) Reading with a Purpose: Communicative Reading Tasks for the Foreign Language Classroom ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics Washington DC. uncc. edu/~medomoto/4200/readings/reading_with_purpose. html Retrieved from the World Wide Web: 01-04-2003 2. Harmer J. (1991) The Practice of English Language Teaching, Longman Group UK Limited 3. Brewster J. 1991 Listening and the Young Learner in Teaching English to Children Ed. Brumfit, Moon and Tongue Collins ELT 4. Holli D. Kontri ni H. E. Ti mi r i. (1996) A Kri ti ti l a Videi ig Tanki nyvkiadi , Budapest 5. Gedeon i. Lengyel Zs. Ri dai P. (2002) Mi g 135 i tlet Helikon Kiadi Kft. , Budapest 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our  University Degree Teaching  section.

The environmental issues associated with producing unconventional oil Research Paper

The environmental issues associated with producing unconventional oil and gas - Research Paper Example The US Government, federal regulatory authorities, the industry operators, NGO’s along with environmentalists are therefore engaged in discussions as to the best way forward into this relatively new field, by addressing the concerns of all the stakeholders involved. Introduction Recent advances in technology have made it possible to drill natural gas from deep reservoirs located in energy rich areas of the United States. These fuels are being termed unconventional fuel sources and contribute to around 25% of the fuel consumed in the US. This unconventional source is comparatively a cleaner fuel and produces less greenhouse gas emissions. However data collected in the recent past demonstrate that prolonged GHG emissions have implications on health and environment apart from increasing the carbon footprint. Studies conducted have lead to a new method of calculating GHG emissions and these are now being used by the US Environment Protection Agency, post 2011.These calculations wi th its additional factors have increased the GHG emissions count significantly but are still quite ‘green’ when compared to other energy sources. To an extent these emissions are being controlled by various methane mitigation strategies. Various programs under the EPA framework are also being brought in to persuade operators in emission control. However lack of concrete data as to the extent of emissions has meant that scientists are still trying to ascertain the impact of these unconventional energy sources on health and environment. Source: Ritter Karin and Emmert Amy, US natural gas production history, 2013 Techniques in natural gas production Different types of geologic formations present different types of oil reservoirs. Porous rock allow for easy flow of oil into a conventional reservoir while shale and sandstone prevents the same because of its low permeability. These kinds of hard rock formations entraining oil and gas can sometimes be located up to 11000 feet beneath the surface. Baken in North Dakota has significant reserves located deep underground its shale formations which cover large basins of geologically depressed areas. (GAO, 2012) Comparing it to the conventional sources, extracting unconventional oil and gas calls for robust technical knowhow and complex knowledge of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracture techniques. Some of the activities involved in extracting unconventional oil and gas are similar to those carried in conventional drilling. Source: GAO, Horizontal drilling and Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional shale formations, 2012 Siting and site preparation involves identifying a potential site for drilling and clearing the area of vegetation. (GAO, 2012) Access roads are laid out and pipelines laid for transport of this gas to an interim containment. In case of abundance of deposits storage tanks may also be built at site for storing of the drilled oil. Drilling, casing and cementing involve installing the steel pipe called casing into the drilled hole and cementing it into place. The drilling is carried out progressively and with each depth additional steel pipe is lowered. The casing is intended to prevent the contents in the well from coming into contact with the outer water table which might lead to contamination. (GAO, 2012)

Mandating Nurse-Patient Ratios Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mandating Nurse-Patient Ratios - Research Paper Example Once out there, the nurses would have to use their political influence and legislative power to determine which policies when put in place would be most effective One of the policies that would be vital is knowing where and when to reach out to masses of people. Once established, they should concentrate on creating awareness to citizens on their main areas of concerns and of how it will serve to benefit both parties. They should then take time and perform regular visits until the message has been passed on convincingly and effectively. Once knowledgeable on the topic, the citizens would then be in a position to agree with the nurses. Choosing an influential figure with a better understanding on the societal problems as well as one whom citizens can relate easily with would also be beneficial (Moss, 2000). Understanding their main agendas as well as sticking to the subject matter at the local level would enable the leaders of the committee to stay focused. This would also be instrumental in ensuring that the citizens get a full understanding of the legislative process. Creating such an enabling environment clears any doubts whatsoever that any citizen has and places them in a better position. At the state level, communicating with individuals would require for instance setting up committees that deal with them on say a weekly basis by scheduling meetings. Meeting places such as parks and malls would be effective joints for giving out communicae concerning the legislation process. Issuing flyers, brochures or creating adverts would be some of the measures the nurses would use in ensuring that citizens are fully educated on the topic. Once well endowed, citizens would be better placed in providing support to the nurses and the legislation process (Nagelkerk, 2005). Additionally, the nurses would create more awareness at their places of work through giving out the information to patients who come for treatment. They could also encourage the patients

Why Educators Should be Appreciated and Paid More Essay Example for Free

Why Educators Should be Appreciated and Paid More Essay The people who hold the education to our future and its on coming generation should be millionaires. Why is it that movie stars or athletes earn way more money than teachers? Teachers seem to be the lowest paid professionals who need a degree to do their job. Educators play a vital role in our economy and society. Teachers are the backbone of our civilization, without them society will destabilize. In this essay I will be discussing why teachers are of great importance to our society. I will also be discussing why teachers deserve a higher pay than what they are earning now; and finally my last stand will be why educators should Teachers are by far the single most important profession field in the world. They teach students how to think, how to do math, how to write, how to read and many other important life skills. What would happen if Educators did not exist? We would turn into a country like Ethiopia, one of the top 10 least educated countries in the world. This would be the downfall of our civilization. Teachers aren’t recognized enough for the time and effort they put into their teachings of their classroom. Education is important to any nation that would want its citizens to prosper and pursue a higher stand on education. Each profession occupies a specific niche in society, doctors cure, engineers design and bankers handle our cash. Teaching, however, stands out as a more prominent entity. Teachers instill the transcendent faculties of communication, decision-making and awareness of social responsibility. No matter what field we chose to pursue later on in our lives, we again turn to teachers f or training. A strong information base and best-developed capabilities of knowledge and analysis are important for progress. These crucial responsibilities of knowledge instilment, kindling inspiration and encouraging creative though are all vested in the teacher. The role of Educators is valuable and significant to a society. They are one of the main pillars of a progressive society. Teachers bear the weight and responsibility of teaching, and apart from parents, they are the  main source of knowledge. From the age of four, a child finds himself in the hands of a teacher. Throughout our lives, our teachers inspire us and treat us like their own children and make us learn from their experiences. They make us strong enough to stand on our feet and face any challenge. A teacher is much more important than a doctor or engineer. It is the teacher who makes doctors and engineers. Because of this, teachers are considered to be above all in Hindu mythology. It’s teachers who shape the life of y oung children throughout their lives. Because it is a comprehensively low paid job, today’s generation cannot understand the importance of a teacher. The truth about teachers is a truth in itself, and will always remain so.

Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels - Attitudes and Perceptions of Societies :: Gullivers Travels Essays

Attitudes and Perceptions of Societies in Gulliver's Travels    By the end of Book II in Gulliver's Travels, it is very clear that the character of Gulliver is not the same man who wrote the letter in the beginning of the story.   In fact, he is not the same man he was in Book I.   From the onset of Gulliver's Travels, Swift creates for us a seemingly competent character and narrator in Gulliver.   In his account we learn how his adventures have changed him and his perception of people, for the central theme of this story is how human nature and reason reflect society. Throughout the novel, the character, Gulliver changes his attitudes and his perceptions of people because of the different attitudes and perceptions of the different societies of Lilliput and Brobdingnag.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the whole, Gulliver is a very frustrating character to deal with for a number of reasons.   For example, he's not steady; this unsteadiness as a narrator leads us to question the validity of what Gulliver tells us.   This means that we have to be on our guard against what he says, and even though he's our guide, we can't follow him everywhere, which is just what Swift wanted.   Gulliver makes many apologies for himself and his actions and puts us the reader emotionally involved in the story.   Gulliver seems to direct a good deal of hostility toward us, creating a tinge of hostility back at him.   Ultimately, Gulliver works as a narrator because we can relate to him and as a result find him engaging.   We too can jump from emotion to emotion, but in the long run, Swift is not attempting to create an Everyman.   This Gulliver is not, by any means a wholly allegorical character, but as much an individual as the next person.   In certain ways, Gul liver proves to be more resilient than the average man is by managing to survive the disastrous shipwrecks and people so foreign they might as well be aliens.   Still in other ways Gulliver is a naà ¯ve person, bereft of decency and consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gulliver is an entirely credible and probable person at the same time that he is precisely the person to be the instrument for Swift's satire.   In his incredible circumstances, Gulliver shows himself to be very resourceful and observant of his surroundings.   With that he changes in relation to the places he visits and the events that befall him as he voyages.

Building a Networked Organization Essay

MWH is a global engineering services firm considered to be a leader in water, hydropower and environmental remediation. It was trying to turn the geographically organized department into one organized by function and the reorganization will depend on effective collaboration. The existing relationships are providing through ONA analysis, a method for mapping relationships among people in a group. This case looks into the old structure under which departments are fragmented by geography and constrained by hierarchy and other gaps in connectivity. Challenges are listed for discussion and recommendations are provided for steps to be taken to align the department’s network with MWH’s business objectives.An IT department organized by geography instead of functionality had been acceptable when MWH was smaller, which is now impossible for the IT department to deliver sophisticated, standardized solutions. The information-seeking relationships that existed at the birth of iNet were based on shared geography, not on shared functional areas. . There was only limited collaboration across the IT business centers and this fragmentation results in internal customers experiencing varying levels of service, functionality and costs for technical solutions and applications. Even more crucial was service to external customers. 3. The lack of standardization. Employees had no strong process base to guide them and they got work done by turning to other people for help. The leaders of the various IT groups met two or three times a year in an effort to drive standard approaches for the company, but the groups continued to operate independently, each serving its own master and employing its own measures and processes. 4. There was limited collaboration between some locations for MWH, this imposed a big challenge for the iNet project because some are planned to be built into important serve locations globally. Some groups were not providing optimal solutions to customers because they did not leverage each other’s expertise, therefore higher than industry average IT cost lead to lower competiveness of service quality and cost. 6. There was hierarchy exist. Overall, there was a relatively high level of collaboration among the most senior iNet employees, but less connectivity was evident among those at lower levels. 7. The network size varied a lot from 1~2 to more than 25 overloaded by some people which reveals a serious asymmetry of the relationship distribution. 8. A lot of relationships existed within immediate team only; few had any ties outside of MWH. 9. The serendipitous interactions could preclude effective information-seeking. RECOMMENDATION All the issues addressed above occurred from inefficient organization structure and lack of collaboration, which can be solved by carefully designing and building a networked organization. Following are the reconditions for successfully carrying out iNet project to: 1) Increase responsiveness and adaptiveness through real time operation. 2) Maximize the knowledge potential of the enterprise by leveraging expertise companywide and share information. ) Minimize disruption and duplication, which promises delivering optimal solution and with lower cost. Recommendations are from two aspects: restructure company departments and better managing networked relationships throughout the whole organization. Organization Restructure 1. Fluid boundaries MWH need to breakdown the geography base departments and carr y out a function integration to increase its capacity to respond quickly and effectively to market forces, therefore improve the quality of conformance to customer requirements and reduce costs. Centralization of like tasks or functions and management of geographically separated units will enhance a more network-oriented improvement. From exhibit we can see that the new organization structure has fewer departments and levels, all the new departments are no longer designed according to geography but functions. However, having a revised organization structure graph is far from enough. To make it work, the manager needs to make sure there is no longer geography boundaries exit. New operational structure need to push functions out or pull them back in different departments as they suit company’s strategy. Large-scale integration of functions and systems required to fully manage the operation and service process. 2. Information infrastructure Executives must use powerful technology to allow information to flow seamlessly across, out of, and into the company. Well-planned technical architecture need to be set up to allow information to move freely. MWH need to build up an integrated and overarching architecture for the entire company, not just a patchwork of current system linking to individual’s solutions. A through analyze of existing technology support will be needed to balance with the infrastructure requirements of the iNet project. . New management structure Advance IT systems will help to remove some mid-level management positions and creates a flatter structure, therefore, old control and planning style will be revised. Senior managers should be able to see into a larger group of employees with technology, while push down information simultaneously. Senior management shou ld be linked with each other, therefore be able to draw on the entire management team for input when it comes to important decision process. The entire control and planning process will then become an on-line, real-time, team-based, coordinated process. This change will create deeper understanding of issue facing each senior manager and activities need to be adopted, thus more proper coordination at the senior management level. It also provides opportunities to move decisions either up or down in the organization. Team decisions making will be easier and faster, as geographically separated departments can concurrently access and assess data and communicate at the very first time. 4. Expertise group To better utilize the knowledge of experts in the organization, expertise group need to be carefully designed and make sure they can provide help and share information easily. Every knowledge worker should belong to at least two separate teams, which helps the organization achieve cross functional co-operation as well as helping individuals gain a broader perspective. Social relationship Management 1. Management of interdependence Under iNet, there is going to be considerable interdependence among all management actives. Instead of taking full control over the immediate lower level employees in the department, managers need to cope with unclear lines of authority and decision makings which rely more on interactions from other teams and departments. The managers need to share resources more freely and perate in a more diffuse responsibility and accountability environment. 2. Management of role complexity In old MWH organization structure, ONA analysis revealed the existence of highly hierarchy: senior and highly relied people had full control over the resources while lower level and highly peripheral employees with limited access to resources and authority. Within the networked organization, as the complexity of shared work, decision making, expertise and accountability increase, employees need to be involved in more complex network recourses to gain stronger skill to adapt the new responsibilities. The manager’s challenge here is to give employees confidence and resources to gain these skills including tools/techniques necessary, conceptualization, experience and interpersonal skills necessary to work efficiently with other. This can be achieved from assigning expertise groups to help and trainings. 3. Management of information seeking In the old structure, many employees seek information from their immediate teams and many others tend obtain information mainly from serendipitous interactions. The social capital was tight, informal relationships was unseen among employees, while the new networked form company functions efficiently with its flexible relationships. On one hand, managers need to improve the information seeking process for more efficient result. Formal relationships are best cemented by having agreed written process and common members in all teams. Higher trust and openness rather than higher formality environment need to be created for critical linkages. Frequent communication throughout the network must be encouraged; small groups developing its own communication dose not foster the net work spirit. On the other hand, besides of formal relationships, employees should be encouraged to maintain their personal and professional networks, even beyond the identifiable needs of the current team. 4. Management ofculture Another big challenge the manger need to work on to foster iNet is creating trust culture in the organization. Transforming from the traditional structure, trust is one of the most important forces. Employees must have a clear understanding of task intent, information, and trust in the people, resources and technologies available. As a global company, establishing a trust-based culture is more difficult for MWH because of the diversified locations and mixed nationalities, there is no control over individual’s location, training, and experience. The relationship between people is fluid. Moving information in the networked organization and more complex roles demands a higher level of trust and dependence between managers and employees. This trust-based culture can be grown from joint training, team work and other continued integrations and reinforcements.

Book Review on Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States. While being president he was trying to lead our country through a time of economic depression and total war. Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the most important leaders of the 20th century. Alan Brinkley, the author of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, wrote this biography in order to show Roosevelt’s life from childhood to presidency and all the trials and tribulations that occurred. Brinkley wrote this book to be able to show Roosevelt’s life from when he was born to him leading our country through the war. Not only just showing what happened in his life but also being able to show what he had to go through and what kind of decisions he had to make when running this country. This book was a great way to teach an audience about Roosevelt and was very effective in getting the point across. Brinkley used an immense amount of sources to be able to write this book. He used anywhere from other biographies to memoirs and diaries of the people who served with Roosevelt. He was not writing this book in order to criticize what all Roosevelt did wrong, but to show the magnitude and importance of everything he did right, such as the reshaping of American Government to the successful leadership of the United States. The New York Times wrote the day after Roosevelt died, â€Å"It will honor him above all else because he had the vision to see clearly the supreme crisis of our times and the courage to meet that crisis boldly. Men will thank God on their knees, a hundred years from now, that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House† (99). This shows that not only was Franklin D. Roosevelt a great man he was also a great leader of our country. Brinkley did an amazing job with being able to show all of Roosevelt’s accomplishes and all the trials and tribulations he overcame during presidency and also during his life. Roosevelt was born into a very privileged family with his father James Roosevelt being extremely wealthy and his mother Sara Delano, being very wealthy herself as well. He went to Groton at fourteen years old granted he gradated doing very well academically, he went his whole four years there as a lonely outsider. He entered Harvard in 1900 with a new outlook look on life and tried hard to make friends. Roosevelt found himself being attracted to his distant cousin Eleanor Roosevelt while attending Harvard. In 1905 he married Eleanor and they together had six children. Roosevelt attended Columbia Law School, although he did not meet all the requirements he passed his bar exams and started practicing law in New York. Later, Franklin had an affair with his wife’s social secretary Lucy Mercer. Eleanor discovered their relationship in 1918 by finding letters between the two of them. Roosevelt served eight years as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1910 in New York. He was also governor of New York in 1928 and again in 1930. Roosevelt was paralyzed in both legs due to him having polio in 1921 ceasing him to be able to enjoy his favorite activities. Roosevelt would try to disguise his paralysis in public by wearing heavy leg braces to help him walk. In 1932 he was nominated for president with his opponent being Herbert Hoover. Winning the election he promised that he would conduct the war against the depression. When winning presidency Roosevelt took on an immense amount of stress all at once. The world was in an incredible crisis due to the economy depression. Roosevelt tried and tried to steadily bring back this nation, with what was called the â€Å"hundred days† where he won a series of bills that began to reform the role of the federal government in the workings of the economy. Roosevelt had what was called â€Å"The New Deal† which was a series of economic programs that involved orders or laws passed by Congress in response to the Great Depression. Roosevelt was reelected in 1936 as he campaigned on his idea of a New Deal. When Roosevelt was reelected World War II had already started. Japan had launched an invasion of Manchuria in 1922. Roosevelt began to get his country ready for war. In 1932 Hitler declared himself as the most powerful political person in Germany. By the spring of 1940 the war had spread quickly through Western Europe, with almost all of Europe being under complete Nazi control. Roosevelt had to lead our country through World War II. Rebounding from the surprise of Pearl Harbor and winning almost every victory in Europe and the Pacific. With the war and Roosevelt being paralyzed he spend most of his days in the White House. Roosevelt tried to reconnect with his distant wife and tried to have a real marriage again, but Eleanor refused and spent most of her days traveling or in her home in Duchess County. Roosevelt began seeing his long lost mistress Lucy with meetings that took place for the most part outside the White House. In January of 1945 Roosevelt met with Stalin and Churchill agreeing on the postwar occupation of Germany, which was going to be divided between the three leaders. Stalin was already ready to occupy Poland and there was no way Churchill and Roosevelt could stop him. When leaving Roosevelt hoped he could come to agreement with Stalin. In April of 1945 Roosevelt went on vacation with cousins and aids in Warm Springs, Georgia. Lucy Rutherford visited with an artist to paint Roosevelt when he complained of a â€Å"terrific headache† he collapsed and never regained consciousness, dying several hours later. Brinkley was able to show Franklin D. Roosevelt’s life and all his trials and tribulations that he had to overcome. With everything from not making friends in college, to leading our country through World War II, this biography was a very effective way to teach an audience about Franklin D. Roosevelt and how great of a leader he was. Roosevelt was criticized for some of his decisions, but this biography was able to show how many important decisions he made and how great of a president he was.

An Overview of Database Management Systems Essays

An Overview of Database Management Systems Essays An Overview of Database Management Systems Essay An Overview of Database Management Systems Essay Overview of Database Management Systems Goals: – DBMS basic concepts – Introduce underlying managerial issues – Prepare for discussion of uses of DBMS, such as OLAP and database mining misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 1 Overview of Database Management What is a database system? – Acomputerized record-keeping system Record? – Think of it as a row in a table, consisting of fields of data – Note: Role of metaphors System? A general software module that provides all sorts of services: – Create new files and add them to the database – Insert new data into an existing file – Retrieve data from existing files – Update (change) data in existing files – Delete data in existing files – Delete (remove) existing files from the database – And much else: system management features, security, integrity, etc. misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 2 Overview of Database Management Important and fundamental distinctions – System software vs application software – Logical vs physical  » See MISNotes, chapter 1 System software, e. g. , – – – – Operating system Language compilers Communications DBMS Idea: everybody needs it, so write it once and standardly for all – Reading/writing files (OS) – Storing/retrieving records (DBMS) misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 3 Overview of Database Management Where do database systems come from? – Commercial software vendors  » Oracle, DB2, RDB, Ingres, Focus, etc. for mainframes  » For Unix, Oracle, Ingres, Informix, etc.  » Macs: Mainly Oracle  » PCs: Access, Paradox, Oracle, etc. Is there more than one kind? Why? – Yes: flat file systems, network systems, hierarchical systems, relational systems, object-oriented systems – And different brands for each type – Why? History, needs and requirements Is there a standard? Yes, 2 really – Relational DBMS – SQL as the access language  » DDL, DML, etc.  » Note: Can have SQL w/o relational and relational w/o SQL – Note: Access is relational has SQL access misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 4 Overview of Database Management Who uses database systems? – – – Everyone, high, middle, and low Pervasive in business and commerce Difficult to overestimate importance Quite possible to earn your way through school doing database work Are databases here to stay? Are they stable? – Here to stay? Absolutely! – Stable? Yes, but  » Relational DBMS with SQL: commercial de facto standard; client-server uses  » Object-oriented DBMS: thought to be the next big thing A few years away Specialized uses SQL will stayprobably misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 5More Comments on Database and Information Systems Generallly Important concepts/themes Persistence – Why we need data bases Metaphors and computing generally and database specifically – Relational model, relational databases:  » Tables, tables, tables Indirection – e. g. external, conceptual, internal views of database misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 6 Overview of Database Management Why database? Alternatives are unattractive Positive reasons for DBMSs Data independence Reduction of redundancy Avoidance of inconsistency Enforcement of standards Security Integrity Use of markets isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 7 Database Architecture These comments apply broadly to all types of DBMSs but, will focus on SQL, big guys systems ANSI/SPARC (broadly accepted) framework Three levels: External Conceptual Internal Relational refers to how the data appears to users, so to the external and conceptual levels – How it appears (as tables) and – How you operate on it – Recall: metaphors misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 8 The External Level The individual user level (application programmer, someone interacting online with the database, or an application, or a user via a nice front end) Users (typically) interact with a DBMS using a language of some sort. e. g. , SQL, either embedded in a programming language or interactively e. g. , QBE for users Data sublanguage vs host language Data sublanguage: Data definition language (DDL) Data manipulation language (DML) The point of external views: to give different users different views of the data – Views: concept, advantages isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 9 The Conceptual Level A representation of the entire information content of the database from the point of view of the underlying data model (here, relational) Conceptual schema Conceptual schema is to be pure; no refernce to the physical misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 10 The Internal Level Described by the internal schema Refers to details of the physical representation – E. g. , how records are laid out on a hard drive But NOT to device-specific physical details isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 11 The Database Administrator Data administratormakes strategic and policy decisions Database administratortechnical support for implementing policy decisions Defines internal schema Liaison with users Oversees and defines security and integrity checks Manages backup and recovery Performance monitoring, database tuning misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 12 The Parts-Supplier Database Three tables: S (suppliers), P (parts), SPS S# SNAME STATUS CITY ====================================== S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Smith Jones Blake Clark Adams 20 10 30 20 30 London Paris Paris London Athens Table (and relation) Tuple (or record) Field Attribute Domain Data types Data atomicity Key, key field misnotes-dbms- 19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 13 The Parts-Supplier Database (continued) P P# PNAME COLOR WEIGHT CITY ====================================== P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Nut Bolt Screw Screw Cam Cog Red Green Blue Red Blue Red 12 17 17 14 12 19 London Paris Rome London Paris London Ordering on the rows?Does CITY in P mean the same as CITY in S? 17 what? Pounds? Ounces? Tons? Kilograms? Why more than one table? How do we answer queries that rely on data in more than one table? misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 14 The Parts-Supplier Database (continued) SP S# P# QTY ====================================== S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S2 S3 S4 S4 S4 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 P2 P2 P2 P4 P5 300 200 400 200 100 100 300 400 200 200 300 400 S5? S6? Double key, S#-P# Why more than one table? How do we answer queries that rely on data in more than one table? misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 15

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Drug Addiction Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction Essay Drug Addiction The topic that caught my attention when I was reading my choices was â€Å"Drug Addiction†. Drug addiction is something that should not be taken lightly by anyone who has a family member or friend with this issue. We often wonder how and what make people turn into being a drug addict. â€Å"Drug addiction is rooted in long-term adaptations within the brain that promotes escalating drug use, difficulty quitting, and relapse—all despite the awareness of negative consequences.† With that being said I have always wondered what keep a person going back to their addiction and why can’t they quit. When I read the article and it mention how drug addiction is rooted a light bulb clicked in my head. When something is rooted inside of you whether it is for good or bad it is hard to break. â€Å"It was previously hypothesized that addiction was caused in part of an imbalance between an impulsive system that governs appetitive motivation and is driven by immediate rewards on the one hand and a reflective system that regulate and control impulsive according to future pleasurable or aversive consequences.† With this study they were able to predict the hypothesis and see what causes addiction to happen in some cases. I think that the method used in order to see how people become an addict was efficient and it was very precise that made the validity of the experiment a success. It is important to make sure that your study is conducted in a manner that will give you a pretty accurate result when using different research methods. Also in the study they took a small sample size of addicts who quit smoking after a brain injury and they had a criteria that asked them some simple question and due to such a small sample size they were not able to get the laterality effects could not be verified statistically due to the small sample size like I mentioned earlier. The results of this study gave great evidence that insula is critical for psychological processes that maintain addiction to cigarette smoke. I have known people to have drug addiction and it just hurt your heart when you see them all strung out and can’t even help themselves. I have had family members and friends who have battled with this addiction. I want to research this addiction so that I can learn how a person can overcome this type of addiction. Any addiction is hard to break it is going to take a lot of will power from the addict in order for them to be set free of this addiction. You never know what could have pushed the addict into becoming a drug  addict. I want to be able to relate to an addict whether it is a friend, family member or just someone in general whom I would want to be able to help them overcome this addiction. Drug addiction is the most common addiction and I feel that if we get the proper research on how to give treatment to an addict then maybe t heir chances of becoming free will be greater. I just want to be able to talk with them and see what I can do to help them overcome this disease. That is why it is important that we take all necessary measures when it comes to us trying to aid a person who is addicted to drugs. Drug addiction is something that I want to do research so we can come up with a method that can slow it down. I know that it can never exist but we could at least work on slowing it down. In the studies that I chose we will be dealing with how addicts can be treated to prescription pain medication. I hear some people talk about taking other people medication because they like the way it makes them feel and they become addicted to it. Addiction is bad whether it is drugs, food and or alcohol we all know how serious this can be to anyone. In this is article they are launching their large scale national study evaluating a treatment for addiction to prescription drugs. â€Å"NIDA’s National Drug Abuse Treatments Clinical Trials Network (CTN) is conduct ing the multi-site study known as the Prescription Opiate Addiction Treatment Study (POATS).† â€Å"This study is in response to the growing national problem of prescription drug abuse in this country. According to the 2005 National Survey on drug use and health the incidence of new nonmedical users of pain relievers is now at 2.2 million Americans aged 12 and older surpassing the number of new marijuana abusers (2.1million). In 2005, more than six million American’s reported current (in the past month) nonmedical use of prescription drugs – more than the number abusing cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, and inhalants combined.† This clearly answers my question to how many people are addicted to prescription drugs versus to the other drugs. The data collected in this study shows that there are a lot of people addicted to prescription drugs and how it has increased and the results in this study show it. In this study the results showed that there were more people addicted to prescription drugs rather than your everyday drugs. I feel that this is giving everyone a clear view that prescription drugs that are for pain and can give you some kind of satisfaction can be a ddictive. This study covers a variety of areas like those addicted to painkillers and those who abuse painkillers due to nonmedical reasons. I found this study to be quite interesting because it will give us a general idea of the amount of people that are addicted to prescription drugs and those that take it for chronic pain and that are addicted. This study will enroll a total of 648 participants that will be carried out 11 sites around the country. The outcome of this study will be very efficient for all to know just how many people are suffering from being addicted to some type of drug. The second article let us know how much this disease is deeply rooted inside an addict’s brain. â€Å"Drug addiction is rooted in long-term adaptions within the brain that promotes escalating drug use, difficulty quitting, and relapse – all despite the awareness of negative consequences.† This article will answer my question as to why do addicts keep going back to that same drug trying to get the same high as the first time. In this study it will explain the role of the insula in drug addiction as well. I feel that all data collected from this article will be informative and the results of the study will be concise and easy to follow and understand. I just hope with my two studies that it will conform enough information about drug addiction to where it will give clarity to what steps we can take to stop this trend in drug addiction. When we look back at the studies done on this particular study you try and think back at all the methods that we have learned in this class. It really makes a difference when you read about a research design and now you are able to relate to the experimenter when you come across some of the studies. So far I think that the designs that the two studies I have written about couldn’t research it any better with the methods they have chosen. I came across another study entitled â€Å"Scientific and political challenges in North America’s first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment of severe heroin addiction: Rationale and design of the NAOMI study.† This particular article consist of this study targeting long term opiod dependents who have tried treatments conveniently in the past that are not currently in treatment who currently inject heroin. Now the sample size was based off of the outcome of the response and the retention. There was said to be two primary variables in this study they were evaluated with an alpha threshold of 0.025 which determined about 114 evaluable patients per group which yielded about 80% power in order to  detect increase of 20% of retention and response rate amongst the experimental groups provided. I think with the methods that they used they will have a broader testing ground in order to determine if the treatments are helpful to those that are an addict. Th is study involves a meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment of opiate addiction. In this study they used meta-analytic techniques in order to identify the risk factors that are given in this study. When it came to the design and measurements in this study it was a search of public literature that yielded 69 studies that reported some bivariate association between independent variables. I think when it comes to this type of research the clinicians and researchers try and make a way to prevent relapse and other issues that form when you become an addict. They want to try and come up with an intervention that will be able to help those that are in need. That’s why these studies are very important to them and taken very seriously. The studies in this research for meta- analysis were researched through computerized databases that is said to have indexed published scientific reports and many other sources in order to complete their research. I think as far as the methods that are being used couldn’t chose a better design to do There were also a total of six criteria’s that were met for the meta-analysis of this study. â€Å"The independent variable clearly specified a single patient –related construct, and not a conglomeration of multiple constructs. An example of a conglomeration is Suffet et.al’s (1978) â€Å"conventionality† variable that is based on four distinct constructs (level of heroin use intake to treatment, number of arrest, type of residence and employment). We excluded from consideration independent variables that referred to treatment program types, policies, practices, personal and setting.† This pretty much shows you the results and how they were able to determine if the treatment helped or not. In this study there were a total of 28 independent variables for which there was said to be two studies with the results on the relationship between the independent variable and continued drug use. This study has to do with cocaine addiction treatments to improve or reduce harm by (CATCH). This study is said to investigate possibilities and problems associated with pharmacological treatments. ‘The methods and designs used in this study by (CATCH) consist of three separate randomized controlled, open label, parallel group feasibility trials,  conducted at three separate addiction treatment institutes in the Netherlands. Patients are either new referral are already in treatment. With a total of 216 eligible outpatients are randomized using pre-randomization double-consent design and received either 12 weeks treatment with oral topiramate (n=36; Brijder Addiction Treatment, The Hague), oral modafinil (n=36; Arkin, Amsterdam), or oral dexamphetamine sustained release (n=36; Bouman GGZ, Rotterdam) as an add on to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or receive a 12 week CBT only (controls n= 3 x 36).† With this design I am sure that they will come out with a pretty good analysis of if cocaine harms or improve those that are in treatment for this addiction. In this review it let us know up front that they are not going to be able to cover the whole clinical addiction arena or the parts dedicated to treatments. Although within this study there was a conflict of interest within the testing methods used inside this review. Personally when you are conducting a study on something with a broader view you will tend to have a conflict of interest with in your results. There are so many methods out there that you can use to conduct a study just depends on what you are trying to research. This is a different study and it aims to describe the derivation of recent status scores for the ASI. â€Å"The design was 118 ASI -6 recent status items were subjected to nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Generalizability and concurrent validity of the derived scores were determined.† The sample size was 607 recent admissions to a variety of substance abuse treatment programs. I think that this study will a have great validity due to the fact that they used a variety of substance to test for this study. This is an interesting study which really caught my attention and this study aimed to explore the existential aspects of living with addiction. The design that was used in this study was called a Hermeneutic which I have never heard of this type of design apparently this was the right design th at was chosen to do this study although I am not familiar with it. When it came down to the methods used it was based on interviews within the first study with rich, personal experienced addicts. After the results it show that people living with addiction struggles with as long as it is existing within them. This study is talking about giving addicts their choice of drug for a variety of reasons. Can’t say that I would want to give an addict the drug of their  choice because I would want to try and help them overcome their addiction and not contribute to it. In this study it mentioned that offering drugs to the addict and by them determining if they can say â€Å"yes or no† to the drug does not help them make progress they need something to undermine them in order to get the results they need. I think that all the studies and reviews mentioned in my paper are really good ones they all have the intention to try and come to a solution to helping those that are addicted to drugs. Drug addiction like I mentioned earlier in my paper is a serious disease and it comes in many forms. I feel like this class has helped us learn that there are many methods and designs out there for us to be able to conduct a study or research and get the validity that we need to complete our study. References Cacciola, J.S., Alterman, A.I., Habing, B., McLellan, A.T. (2011). Recent status scores for version 6 of the addition severity index (ASI-6). Addiction, 106 (9), 1588-1602. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Naqvi, N. H., Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: An interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5-6), 435-50. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Nuijten, M., Blanken, P., Van Den Brink, W., Hendriks, V. Concaine addiction treatments to improve control and reduce harm (CATCH): New Pharmacological Treatment Options for Crack-Cocaine Dependence in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry 11.1 (2011): 135. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Nutt, D., Lingford-Hughes, A. (2008). Addiction : The clinical interface. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154 (2), 397-405. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Oviedo-Joekes, E., Nosyk, B., Marsh, D.C., Guh, D., Brissette, S., Gurtry, C.,†¦Schechter, M.T. (2009). Scientific and political challenges in North America’s first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment for severe heroin addiction: Rationale and design of the NAOMI study. Clinical Trials, 6 (3), 261-71. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Walker, T. (2008). Giving addicts their drug choice: The problem of consent. Bioethics, 22 (6), 314—20. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Wiklund, L. Journal of clinical nursing 17. 18 (Sep. 2008): 2426-2434. Existential aspects of living with addiction – Part I: Meeting challenges. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Drug abuse, NIDA launces first scale national study to treat addiction to prescription pain medications. (2007). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 23-23. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com