Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Example

Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Example Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Essay Topic: The Chosen Dats structures are one of the most common principles computer operation, the ability to locate, add or delete data is common and used as soon as you turn on your computer system. The fundamental reason for using data structures is that it uses efficient ways of carrying out the above operations when large amounts of data are involved in the calculations. Lists, string, stacks, queues, arrays trees are some of the most common data structures. They have been adapted from many pre-computing methods, as a queue in its principal is exactly the same as a queue in a shop for items, for example. Linear List A linear list could be considered a one-dimensional array. The list of numbers form what is called a linear list, ie. 5.1, 1.2, .5.9, .3.6, .4.7. Those numbers on themselves are meaningless data, however with a context it becomes information, for example 5.1 is the 0-60 time of a car would be a suitable context. The data in the list has to have a numeric amount of =0. Data can be stored inside computers as a linear list. If an item has to be added, then the item of data in the middle of the list, then all the data after the item needs to be inserted after the item to make way for the new item of data. Algorithms could be developed to do this, however in reality they would not be used, and would prove to be not efficient if large amounts of data were involved. The pointer system is the preffered system to be used, which shows how newer data structures enable the user to insert and delete items of data without having to move any existing data. However this is not the most efficient way of dealing with large amounts of data. Stacks A stack is a method used to insert and delete items from a linear list. The concept of a stack is of fundamental importance in computing as it is used in so many different applications, adnt hius principle of a stack is illustrated. E.g. The numbers in the list: 23, 54, 10 90. If the numbers were set out vertically, the list would look like: 23 54 10 90 If 77 was added to the stack when it is pushed on top of the stack. The stack now looks like this: 77 23 54 10 90 If an item is to be removed, is it said to be popped off the stack in the last number in first number out (LIFO last in first out). Often machine code programming involved push and pop as mnemonics for the same purpose. In reality this system works within a computer memory using a pointer system, so that is points to a memory location inside the computer that indicates the top of the stack. If the pointer is ued iin this way then it gains the name stack pointer. Queues A queue is very simmilar I principle to how a stack operates. A queue is often called a FIFO stack (First in First out). The operation of the queue is the same as the operation of a normal queue. (if you were first into a shop you would get server first). When the data has been processed and the first operation has been used (start pointer) the stack does not shift up, just the pointers are moved. This therefore acts as a circular list, so when all the items have been popped and some more pushed on, the procedure is started again from the top using three pointers. The pseudocode to delete some data from a queue could be shown as the following: PROCEDURE INSERT(Size, Start_Pointer, Stop_pointer, Data) (*is queue full?*) IF start_pointer = 1 AND Stop_Pointer = Size OR Start_Pointer = Stop_Pointer + 1 THEN PRINT Queue is already full EXIT PROCEDURE ENDIF (*Check to see if queue is empty*) IF Start_pointer = 0 THEN (*initialise queue*) SET Start_pointer = 1 and SET Stop_pointer = 1 (*Queue not empty, update pointers*) ELSE IF Stop_pointer = Size THEN SET Stop_pointer = 1 (*Put stop_pointer back to beginning*) ELSE SET Stop_pointer = Stop_pointer + 1 (*Update stop_pointer*) ENDIF ENDIF QUEUE(Stop_pointer) = Data (*Store data in queue*) END PROCEDURE Arrays An array is ordering of data elements so that information can be extracted from them. The size of an array depends on the number of rows and columns. Most high level languages allow many more than two or three dimensional arrays, however much memory is consumed for multi-dimensional arrays. Eg. A 5-D array containing 10 elements in each D would require: 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 = 100,000 locations. (if each number could be scored in one location). Arrays must be represented in computers as a linear list ( a 1-D array). To represent an array in a computers memory requires mapping of each element of the array to the corresponding locations that will score the array. The 3 X 4 array with an identifies, T. eg. 10 21 37 31 T = 35 22 14 66 13 82 26 94 Using row-by-row mapping, this array is shown as: (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) T 10, 21, 37, 31, 35, 22, 14, 66, 13, 82, 26, 94 Linked Lists In a linked list the structure of the data does not necessarily reflect the way in which the data is stored in the computers memory locations. A linked list uses pointers, where a pointer is simply a number stored in memory which points to another locations where another item of data can be located. When data is required to be added or deleted to a list, it becomes a valuable function of a linked list that additions or deletions can be operated without having to move other items of data. The only parts which actually change are the pointers within the list. The end pointer is usual to be known as a free space pointer at at least one location, which will be where new data is added in the list. The deletion of an item of data will cause a change of pointer location, not of the actual data itself. The procedure for adding a new node. The process for this is shown in five simplied steps below: 1. Determine where in the list the node is to be inserted 2. Store data at the position indicated by free storage pointer 3. Alter free storage pointer to point to the next free location. 4. Alter the files on either side. Eg. 1-2-3 (with 2 being the new node, 1 is linked to 2 and 2 to 3 via changing the current 13 pointer locations. The same principal can be used for circular (ring) lists with the start and end pointer being attached to the same node. Tree Structures Data can not exactly fit into a list structure, and other structures (eg hierarchial data structure) are used. Such a data structure is useful for a related objects, for example a vehicle parts list with the car as a whole taking the primary hierarchial postion. At the bottom of the tree there is a child node which is said to have no children (most commonly called a leaf node or terminal node). Although this is easier to quickly locate data in this way, it is more difficult to add and delete nodes compared with that of linear lists. It is usual to use some form of stack, so that the route though the tree can be tracked to the previously visited nodes. Binary Trees These are a kind of the parent node is only allowed two terminal nodes. Binary tree structures are implemented using pointer systems in similar ways to the node pointers used with linked lists. Once the child node from the parent node is chosen, the further choices exist in a sub-tree because the root node is no longer entirely accessible. Hash tables A hash funtion is a set of rules when applied to a five digit key field creates a suitable address in the table. The has function is simmialr to a pointer that is used to point to a location where the necessary data is located. A generalised has function is used simmialry to the following example Address = Hash function (key field) Hash function = key field is squared, then taken right- hand digits and finally add 1. Using the hashing function for the following number: (12345) we get: Original Number|Number squared|Right-hand three digits|Right-hand three digits ADD 1 12345 152399025 025 26 One disadvantage of the hashing function is their ability to create the same address within the table for different key fields. This is known as a collision.

Teaching the receptive skills Essays

Teaching the receptive skills Essays Teaching the receptive skills Paper Teaching the receptive skills Paper This study aims to present some useful techniques to teachers who are aiming to improve the students receptive skills (reading, listening). Researchers and teachers of second languages realized that most of their students were able to ask questions from foreigners but were not able to understand what they had answered. It is one of the various good reasons for teaching reading/listening. Students may actually need to read/listen for their work or study, or they want to read/listen for pleasure. In each case, the process needs to be as easy as possible for them. Exercises focusing on the receptive skills allow the study and practice of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and punctuation, and the reading/listening can provoke conversation and discussion. At first, the teachers main task is to get familiar with the different types of reading and listening activities. In case of reading there are: skimming, scanning, receptive/intensive reading and extensive reading. In the followings I would like to present them separately. Skimming means when students are examining a text rapidly with occasional periods of close inspection, i. e. , quickly running their eyes over the text to get the general idea. In the case of scanning students are locating a specific symbol or group of symbols (e. g. : a date or a name of a person or place). So, students are quickly searching for some particular pieces of information. Receptive/intensive reading means a careful reading aimed to discover exactly what the author seeks to convey; often reading for information; readers need to understand linguistic and semantic detail and pay attention to the text. At last, we speak about extensive reading when readers read for pleasure; readers need to understand all details of the text; speed and skill in getting the general idea are most important (Knutson 1998). According to Harmer (1991; p. 217-228) there are 5 types of listening:   Listening to extract specific information: students listen for specific information at word level (e. g. : filling in charts)   Listening for communicative tasks: asks students to listen in order to perform some kind of communicative tasks which is as much like real life as possible, and which involves students working together to solve a problem (Harmer 1991; p. 219)   Listening for general understanding: students listen to conversations in order to get a general idea of what the main points are Listening for detail: students listen for groups of and phrases at sentence level When the teacher is aware of the different kinds of reading and listening activities, he/she has to select the authentic materials. He/she has to take into consideration some very important aspects. Namely, the topic of the text should be interesting to the students and relevant to their age. The teachers also have to know the students background knowledge, including their experience with the topic, their level of English and the new vocabulary that should be presented. The teacher also has to examine the text, I mean whether it is organized in a clear way or not. He/she has to know the length and the quality of the text. As Brewster (1991; p. 6) points out, Their attention span is limited. Therefore, tasks should be short, varied, motivating and interesting and should offer concrete perceptual support. When all the above mentioned aspects are clear for the teacher, he/she can start the lesson, which is concentrating on the receptive skills. According to the book, Kri ti ti l a Videi ig teachers should spend some time with presenting the topic. That can be done by making the students start to talk about the topic or tell their opinion separately and loudly to the class. The teachers can also ask questions related to the topic in order to encourage a whole class talking (Holli et al. 1996). If you are having a reading/listening lesson, you should work on four different stages, namely: Before reading/listening, during reading/listening, after reading/listening, feedback and guidance. The first one is the stage before learners actually read to listen to the text. The function of this stage is to prepare learners to engage in the text, try to do this as effectively as possible, because it is very important to motivate the students for reading/listening the text. At this stage before reading and listening they will have already formed an idea about the content and type of the text. It is also the time when new vocabulary should be presented and the worksheets should be given out to the students. The teacher has to tell them clearly what there task is. While the students are listening or reading the teacher should circulate among them in order to see how well they are moving on and help them if it is necessary. Then, when the text had been listened or read the teacher should check whether they were able to complete the exercise or not. If it was not enough to listen to or read the text once, he/she lets them do it again. Sometimes I ask them not to write anything on their handouts at the first listening/reading, just pay attention to the text carefully. On the feedback stage the teacher together with the students corrects the handouts. True or false statements are popular ways of checking comprehension, and I think that students also like doing these activities. Every course book includes such activities. My favourite reading exercise is mosaic reading, all the students like it, too. I found this exercise in the book, Mi g 135 i tlet. In this activity students are given different paragraphs of a story. I often give out tales that are cut into pieces (e. g. : Snow White). Students read their extract and choose the main happening of it. While they are reading I am walking in the class and help them if there is an unknown word or phrase. They write a statement, and two questions related to their extract. For instance: We are in a little house where everything is so tiny. Why? Who are living here? When the students are ready they ask their questions and the others are checking their extracts to find the answer. If somebody fins it he/she will tell the class. With the help of these questions and answers the students will be able to build up and take into a chronological order the whole story (Gedeon et al. 2002). The students favourite listening exercise is of course when we listen to pop songs. I try to make this more enjoyable by asking them at the end of a lesson to write down their favourite song on a sheet. Then, I collect them and choose one of them. On the next lesson we will listen to that song. I give out the lyric of the song with some missing words; while they are listening they have to complete the gaps. When we have the complete lyric, they translate it to get the general idea of the song. I use the Internet to find the lyrics of the songs. This study aimed to find ways with which the receptive skills of the students can be improved. The most important a teacher should do is to make the students realize what a wonderful thing it is when we are able to understand a foreign language and read a newspaper that is not written in our native language. References 1. Knutson, Elizabeth M. (1998) Reading with a Purpose: Communicative Reading Tasks for the Foreign Language Classroom ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics Washington DC. uncc. edu/~medomoto/4200/readings/reading_with_purpose. html Retrieved from the World Wide Web: 01-04-2003 2. Harmer J. (1991) The Practice of English Language Teaching, Longman Group UK Limited 3. Brewster J. 1991 Listening and the Young Learner in Teaching English to Children Ed. Brumfit, Moon and Tongue Collins ELT 4. Holli D. Kontri ni H. E. Ti mi r i. (1996) A Kri ti ti l a Videi ig Tanki nyvkiadi , Budapest 5. Gedeon i. Lengyel Zs. Ri dai P. (2002) Mi g 135 i tlet Helikon Kiadi Kft. , Budapest 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our  University Degree Teaching  section.

The environmental issues associated with producing unconventional oil Research Paper

The environmental issues associated with producing unconventional oil and gas - Research Paper Example The US Government, federal regulatory authorities, the industry operators, NGO’s along with environmentalists are therefore engaged in discussions as to the best way forward into this relatively new field, by addressing the concerns of all the stakeholders involved. Introduction Recent advances in technology have made it possible to drill natural gas from deep reservoirs located in energy rich areas of the United States. These fuels are being termed unconventional fuel sources and contribute to around 25% of the fuel consumed in the US. This unconventional source is comparatively a cleaner fuel and produces less greenhouse gas emissions. However data collected in the recent past demonstrate that prolonged GHG emissions have implications on health and environment apart from increasing the carbon footprint. Studies conducted have lead to a new method of calculating GHG emissions and these are now being used by the US Environment Protection Agency, post 2011.These calculations wi th its additional factors have increased the GHG emissions count significantly but are still quite ‘green’ when compared to other energy sources. To an extent these emissions are being controlled by various methane mitigation strategies. Various programs under the EPA framework are also being brought in to persuade operators in emission control. However lack of concrete data as to the extent of emissions has meant that scientists are still trying to ascertain the impact of these unconventional energy sources on health and environment. Source: Ritter Karin and Emmert Amy, US natural gas production history, 2013 Techniques in natural gas production Different types of geologic formations present different types of oil reservoirs. Porous rock allow for easy flow of oil into a conventional reservoir while shale and sandstone prevents the same because of its low permeability. These kinds of hard rock formations entraining oil and gas can sometimes be located up to 11000 feet beneath the surface. Baken in North Dakota has significant reserves located deep underground its shale formations which cover large basins of geologically depressed areas. (GAO, 2012) Comparing it to the conventional sources, extracting unconventional oil and gas calls for robust technical knowhow and complex knowledge of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracture techniques. Some of the activities involved in extracting unconventional oil and gas are similar to those carried in conventional drilling. Source: GAO, Horizontal drilling and Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional shale formations, 2012 Siting and site preparation involves identifying a potential site for drilling and clearing the area of vegetation. (GAO, 2012) Access roads are laid out and pipelines laid for transport of this gas to an interim containment. In case of abundance of deposits storage tanks may also be built at site for storing of the drilled oil. Drilling, casing and cementing involve installing the steel pipe called casing into the drilled hole and cementing it into place. The drilling is carried out progressively and with each depth additional steel pipe is lowered. The casing is intended to prevent the contents in the well from coming into contact with the outer water table which might lead to contamination. (GAO, 2012)

Mandating Nurse-Patient Ratios Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mandating Nurse-Patient Ratios - Research Paper Example Once out there, the nurses would have to use their political influence and legislative power to determine which policies when put in place would be most effective One of the policies that would be vital is knowing where and when to reach out to masses of people. Once established, they should concentrate on creating awareness to citizens on their main areas of concerns and of how it will serve to benefit both parties. They should then take time and perform regular visits until the message has been passed on convincingly and effectively. Once knowledgeable on the topic, the citizens would then be in a position to agree with the nurses. Choosing an influential figure with a better understanding on the societal problems as well as one whom citizens can relate easily with would also be beneficial (Moss, 2000). Understanding their main agendas as well as sticking to the subject matter at the local level would enable the leaders of the committee to stay focused. This would also be instrumental in ensuring that the citizens get a full understanding of the legislative process. Creating such an enabling environment clears any doubts whatsoever that any citizen has and places them in a better position. At the state level, communicating with individuals would require for instance setting up committees that deal with them on say a weekly basis by scheduling meetings. Meeting places such as parks and malls would be effective joints for giving out communicae concerning the legislation process. Issuing flyers, brochures or creating adverts would be some of the measures the nurses would use in ensuring that citizens are fully educated on the topic. Once well endowed, citizens would be better placed in providing support to the nurses and the legislation process (Nagelkerk, 2005). Additionally, the nurses would create more awareness at their places of work through giving out the information to patients who come for treatment. They could also encourage the patients

Why Educators Should be Appreciated and Paid More Essay Example for Free

Why Educators Should be Appreciated and Paid More Essay The people who hold the education to our future and its on coming generation should be millionaires. Why is it that movie stars or athletes earn way more money than teachers? Teachers seem to be the lowest paid professionals who need a degree to do their job. Educators play a vital role in our economy and society. Teachers are the backbone of our civilization, without them society will destabilize. In this essay I will be discussing why teachers are of great importance to our society. I will also be discussing why teachers deserve a higher pay than what they are earning now; and finally my last stand will be why educators should Teachers are by far the single most important profession field in the world. They teach students how to think, how to do math, how to write, how to read and many other important life skills. What would happen if Educators did not exist? We would turn into a country like Ethiopia, one of the top 10 least educated countries in the world. This would be the downfall of our civilization. Teachers aren’t recognized enough for the time and effort they put into their teachings of their classroom. Education is important to any nation that would want its citizens to prosper and pursue a higher stand on education. Each profession occupies a specific niche in society, doctors cure, engineers design and bankers handle our cash. Teaching, however, stands out as a more prominent entity. Teachers instill the transcendent faculties of communication, decision-making and awareness of social responsibility. No matter what field we chose to pursue later on in our lives, we again turn to teachers f or training. A strong information base and best-developed capabilities of knowledge and analysis are important for progress. These crucial responsibilities of knowledge instilment, kindling inspiration and encouraging creative though are all vested in the teacher. The role of Educators is valuable and significant to a society. They are one of the main pillars of a progressive society. Teachers bear the weight and responsibility of teaching, and apart from parents, they are the  main source of knowledge. From the age of four, a child finds himself in the hands of a teacher. Throughout our lives, our teachers inspire us and treat us like their own children and make us learn from their experiences. They make us strong enough to stand on our feet and face any challenge. A teacher is much more important than a doctor or engineer. It is the teacher who makes doctors and engineers. Because of this, teachers are considered to be above all in Hindu mythology. It’s teachers who shape the life of y oung children throughout their lives. Because it is a comprehensively low paid job, today’s generation cannot understand the importance of a teacher. The truth about teachers is a truth in itself, and will always remain so.

Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels - Attitudes and Perceptions of Societies :: Gullivers Travels Essays

Attitudes and Perceptions of Societies in Gulliver's Travels    By the end of Book II in Gulliver's Travels, it is very clear that the character of Gulliver is not the same man who wrote the letter in the beginning of the story.   In fact, he is not the same man he was in Book I.   From the onset of Gulliver's Travels, Swift creates for us a seemingly competent character and narrator in Gulliver.   In his account we learn how his adventures have changed him and his perception of people, for the central theme of this story is how human nature and reason reflect society. Throughout the novel, the character, Gulliver changes his attitudes and his perceptions of people because of the different attitudes and perceptions of the different societies of Lilliput and Brobdingnag.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the whole, Gulliver is a very frustrating character to deal with for a number of reasons.   For example, he's not steady; this unsteadiness as a narrator leads us to question the validity of what Gulliver tells us.   This means that we have to be on our guard against what he says, and even though he's our guide, we can't follow him everywhere, which is just what Swift wanted.   Gulliver makes many apologies for himself and his actions and puts us the reader emotionally involved in the story.   Gulliver seems to direct a good deal of hostility toward us, creating a tinge of hostility back at him.   Ultimately, Gulliver works as a narrator because we can relate to him and as a result find him engaging.   We too can jump from emotion to emotion, but in the long run, Swift is not attempting to create an Everyman.   This Gulliver is not, by any means a wholly allegorical character, but as much an individual as the next person.   In certain ways, Gul liver proves to be more resilient than the average man is by managing to survive the disastrous shipwrecks and people so foreign they might as well be aliens.   Still in other ways Gulliver is a naà ¯ve person, bereft of decency and consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gulliver is an entirely credible and probable person at the same time that he is precisely the person to be the instrument for Swift's satire.   In his incredible circumstances, Gulliver shows himself to be very resourceful and observant of his surroundings.   With that he changes in relation to the places he visits and the events that befall him as he voyages.

Building a Networked Organization Essay

MWH is a global engineering services firm considered to be a leader in water, hydropower and environmental remediation. It was trying to turn the geographically organized department into one organized by function and the reorganization will depend on effective collaboration. The existing relationships are providing through ONA analysis, a method for mapping relationships among people in a group. This case looks into the old structure under which departments are fragmented by geography and constrained by hierarchy and other gaps in connectivity. Challenges are listed for discussion and recommendations are provided for steps to be taken to align the department’s network with MWH’s business objectives.An IT department organized by geography instead of functionality had been acceptable when MWH was smaller, which is now impossible for the IT department to deliver sophisticated, standardized solutions. The information-seeking relationships that existed at the birth of iNet were based on shared geography, not on shared functional areas. . There was only limited collaboration across the IT business centers and this fragmentation results in internal customers experiencing varying levels of service, functionality and costs for technical solutions and applications. Even more crucial was service to external customers. 3. The lack of standardization. Employees had no strong process base to guide them and they got work done by turning to other people for help. The leaders of the various IT groups met two or three times a year in an effort to drive standard approaches for the company, but the groups continued to operate independently, each serving its own master and employing its own measures and processes. 4. There was limited collaboration between some locations for MWH, this imposed a big challenge for the iNet project because some are planned to be built into important serve locations globally. Some groups were not providing optimal solutions to customers because they did not leverage each other’s expertise, therefore higher than industry average IT cost lead to lower competiveness of service quality and cost. 6. There was hierarchy exist. Overall, there was a relatively high level of collaboration among the most senior iNet employees, but less connectivity was evident among those at lower levels. 7. The network size varied a lot from 1~2 to more than 25 overloaded by some people which reveals a serious asymmetry of the relationship distribution. 8. A lot of relationships existed within immediate team only; few had any ties outside of MWH. 9. The serendipitous interactions could preclude effective information-seeking. RECOMMENDATION All the issues addressed above occurred from inefficient organization structure and lack of collaboration, which can be solved by carefully designing and building a networked organization. Following are the reconditions for successfully carrying out iNet project to: 1) Increase responsiveness and adaptiveness through real time operation. 2) Maximize the knowledge potential of the enterprise by leveraging expertise companywide and share information. ) Minimize disruption and duplication, which promises delivering optimal solution and with lower cost. Recommendations are from two aspects: restructure company departments and better managing networked relationships throughout the whole organization. Organization Restructure 1. Fluid boundaries MWH need to breakdown the geography base departments and carr y out a function integration to increase its capacity to respond quickly and effectively to market forces, therefore improve the quality of conformance to customer requirements and reduce costs. Centralization of like tasks or functions and management of geographically separated units will enhance a more network-oriented improvement. From exhibit we can see that the new organization structure has fewer departments and levels, all the new departments are no longer designed according to geography but functions. However, having a revised organization structure graph is far from enough. To make it work, the manager needs to make sure there is no longer geography boundaries exit. New operational structure need to push functions out or pull them back in different departments as they suit company’s strategy. Large-scale integration of functions and systems required to fully manage the operation and service process. 2. Information infrastructure Executives must use powerful technology to allow information to flow seamlessly across, out of, and into the company. Well-planned technical architecture need to be set up to allow information to move freely. MWH need to build up an integrated and overarching architecture for the entire company, not just a patchwork of current system linking to individual’s solutions. A through analyze of existing technology support will be needed to balance with the infrastructure requirements of the iNet project. . New management structure Advance IT systems will help to remove some mid-level management positions and creates a flatter structure, therefore, old control and planning style will be revised. Senior managers should be able to see into a larger group of employees with technology, while push down information simultaneously. Senior management shou ld be linked with each other, therefore be able to draw on the entire management team for input when it comes to important decision process. The entire control and planning process will then become an on-line, real-time, team-based, coordinated process. This change will create deeper understanding of issue facing each senior manager and activities need to be adopted, thus more proper coordination at the senior management level. It also provides opportunities to move decisions either up or down in the organization. Team decisions making will be easier and faster, as geographically separated departments can concurrently access and assess data and communicate at the very first time. 4. Expertise group To better utilize the knowledge of experts in the organization, expertise group need to be carefully designed and make sure they can provide help and share information easily. Every knowledge worker should belong to at least two separate teams, which helps the organization achieve cross functional co-operation as well as helping individuals gain a broader perspective. Social relationship Management 1. Management of interdependence Under iNet, there is going to be considerable interdependence among all management actives. Instead of taking full control over the immediate lower level employees in the department, managers need to cope with unclear lines of authority and decision makings which rely more on interactions from other teams and departments. The managers need to share resources more freely and perate in a more diffuse responsibility and accountability environment. 2. Management of role complexity In old MWH organization structure, ONA analysis revealed the existence of highly hierarchy: senior and highly relied people had full control over the resources while lower level and highly peripheral employees with limited access to resources and authority. Within the networked organization, as the complexity of shared work, decision making, expertise and accountability increase, employees need to be involved in more complex network recourses to gain stronger skill to adapt the new responsibilities. The manager’s challenge here is to give employees confidence and resources to gain these skills including tools/techniques necessary, conceptualization, experience and interpersonal skills necessary to work efficiently with other. This can be achieved from assigning expertise groups to help and trainings. 3. Management of information seeking In the old structure, many employees seek information from their immediate teams and many others tend obtain information mainly from serendipitous interactions. The social capital was tight, informal relationships was unseen among employees, while the new networked form company functions efficiently with its flexible relationships. On one hand, managers need to improve the information seeking process for more efficient result. Formal relationships are best cemented by having agreed written process and common members in all teams. Higher trust and openness rather than higher formality environment need to be created for critical linkages. Frequent communication throughout the network must be encouraged; small groups developing its own communication dose not foster the net work spirit. On the other hand, besides of formal relationships, employees should be encouraged to maintain their personal and professional networks, even beyond the identifiable needs of the current team. 4. Management ofculture Another big challenge the manger need to work on to foster iNet is creating trust culture in the organization. Transforming from the traditional structure, trust is one of the most important forces. Employees must have a clear understanding of task intent, information, and trust in the people, resources and technologies available. As a global company, establishing a trust-based culture is more difficult for MWH because of the diversified locations and mixed nationalities, there is no control over individual’s location, training, and experience. The relationship between people is fluid. Moving information in the networked organization and more complex roles demands a higher level of trust and dependence between managers and employees. This trust-based culture can be grown from joint training, team work and other continued integrations and reinforcements.

Book Review on Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States. While being president he was trying to lead our country through a time of economic depression and total war. Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the most important leaders of the 20th century. Alan Brinkley, the author of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, wrote this biography in order to show Roosevelt’s life from childhood to presidency and all the trials and tribulations that occurred. Brinkley wrote this book to be able to show Roosevelt’s life from when he was born to him leading our country through the war. Not only just showing what happened in his life but also being able to show what he had to go through and what kind of decisions he had to make when running this country. This book was a great way to teach an audience about Roosevelt and was very effective in getting the point across. Brinkley used an immense amount of sources to be able to write this book. He used anywhere from other biographies to memoirs and diaries of the people who served with Roosevelt. He was not writing this book in order to criticize what all Roosevelt did wrong, but to show the magnitude and importance of everything he did right, such as the reshaping of American Government to the successful leadership of the United States. The New York Times wrote the day after Roosevelt died, â€Å"It will honor him above all else because he had the vision to see clearly the supreme crisis of our times and the courage to meet that crisis boldly. Men will thank God on their knees, a hundred years from now, that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House† (99). This shows that not only was Franklin D. Roosevelt a great man he was also a great leader of our country. Brinkley did an amazing job with being able to show all of Roosevelt’s accomplishes and all the trials and tribulations he overcame during presidency and also during his life. Roosevelt was born into a very privileged family with his father James Roosevelt being extremely wealthy and his mother Sara Delano, being very wealthy herself as well. He went to Groton at fourteen years old granted he gradated doing very well academically, he went his whole four years there as a lonely outsider. He entered Harvard in 1900 with a new outlook look on life and tried hard to make friends. Roosevelt found himself being attracted to his distant cousin Eleanor Roosevelt while attending Harvard. In 1905 he married Eleanor and they together had six children. Roosevelt attended Columbia Law School, although he did not meet all the requirements he passed his bar exams and started practicing law in New York. Later, Franklin had an affair with his wife’s social secretary Lucy Mercer. Eleanor discovered their relationship in 1918 by finding letters between the two of them. Roosevelt served eight years as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1910 in New York. He was also governor of New York in 1928 and again in 1930. Roosevelt was paralyzed in both legs due to him having polio in 1921 ceasing him to be able to enjoy his favorite activities. Roosevelt would try to disguise his paralysis in public by wearing heavy leg braces to help him walk. In 1932 he was nominated for president with his opponent being Herbert Hoover. Winning the election he promised that he would conduct the war against the depression. When winning presidency Roosevelt took on an immense amount of stress all at once. The world was in an incredible crisis due to the economy depression. Roosevelt tried and tried to steadily bring back this nation, with what was called the â€Å"hundred days† where he won a series of bills that began to reform the role of the federal government in the workings of the economy. Roosevelt had what was called â€Å"The New Deal† which was a series of economic programs that involved orders or laws passed by Congress in response to the Great Depression. Roosevelt was reelected in 1936 as he campaigned on his idea of a New Deal. When Roosevelt was reelected World War II had already started. Japan had launched an invasion of Manchuria in 1922. Roosevelt began to get his country ready for war. In 1932 Hitler declared himself as the most powerful political person in Germany. By the spring of 1940 the war had spread quickly through Western Europe, with almost all of Europe being under complete Nazi control. Roosevelt had to lead our country through World War II. Rebounding from the surprise of Pearl Harbor and winning almost every victory in Europe and the Pacific. With the war and Roosevelt being paralyzed he spend most of his days in the White House. Roosevelt tried to reconnect with his distant wife and tried to have a real marriage again, but Eleanor refused and spent most of her days traveling or in her home in Duchess County. Roosevelt began seeing his long lost mistress Lucy with meetings that took place for the most part outside the White House. In January of 1945 Roosevelt met with Stalin and Churchill agreeing on the postwar occupation of Germany, which was going to be divided between the three leaders. Stalin was already ready to occupy Poland and there was no way Churchill and Roosevelt could stop him. When leaving Roosevelt hoped he could come to agreement with Stalin. In April of 1945 Roosevelt went on vacation with cousins and aids in Warm Springs, Georgia. Lucy Rutherford visited with an artist to paint Roosevelt when he complained of a â€Å"terrific headache† he collapsed and never regained consciousness, dying several hours later. Brinkley was able to show Franklin D. Roosevelt’s life and all his trials and tribulations that he had to overcome. With everything from not making friends in college, to leading our country through World War II, this biography was a very effective way to teach an audience about Franklin D. Roosevelt and how great of a leader he was. Roosevelt was criticized for some of his decisions, but this biography was able to show how many important decisions he made and how great of a president he was.

An Overview of Database Management Systems Essays

An Overview of Database Management Systems Essays An Overview of Database Management Systems Essay An Overview of Database Management Systems Essay Overview of Database Management Systems Goals: – DBMS basic concepts – Introduce underlying managerial issues – Prepare for discussion of uses of DBMS, such as OLAP and database mining misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 1 Overview of Database Management What is a database system? – Acomputerized record-keeping system Record? – Think of it as a row in a table, consisting of fields of data – Note: Role of metaphors System? A general software module that provides all sorts of services: – Create new files and add them to the database – Insert new data into an existing file – Retrieve data from existing files – Update (change) data in existing files – Delete data in existing files – Delete (remove) existing files from the database – And much else: system management features, security, integrity, etc. misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 2 Overview of Database Management Important and fundamental distinctions – System software vs application software – Logical vs physical  » See MISNotes, chapter 1 System software, e. g. , – – – – Operating system Language compilers Communications DBMS Idea: everybody needs it, so write it once and standardly for all – Reading/writing files (OS) – Storing/retrieving records (DBMS) misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 3 Overview of Database Management Where do database systems come from? – Commercial software vendors  » Oracle, DB2, RDB, Ingres, Focus, etc. for mainframes  » For Unix, Oracle, Ingres, Informix, etc.  » Macs: Mainly Oracle  » PCs: Access, Paradox, Oracle, etc. Is there more than one kind? Why? – Yes: flat file systems, network systems, hierarchical systems, relational systems, object-oriented systems – And different brands for each type – Why? History, needs and requirements Is there a standard? Yes, 2 really – Relational DBMS – SQL as the access language  » DDL, DML, etc.  » Note: Can have SQL w/o relational and relational w/o SQL – Note: Access is relational has SQL access misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 4 Overview of Database Management Who uses database systems? – – – Everyone, high, middle, and low Pervasive in business and commerce Difficult to overestimate importance Quite possible to earn your way through school doing database work Are databases here to stay? Are they stable? – Here to stay? Absolutely! – Stable? Yes, but  » Relational DBMS with SQL: commercial de facto standard; client-server uses  » Object-oriented DBMS: thought to be the next big thing A few years away Specialized uses SQL will stayprobably misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 5More Comments on Database and Information Systems Generallly Important concepts/themes Persistence – Why we need data bases Metaphors and computing generally and database specifically – Relational model, relational databases:  » Tables, tables, tables Indirection – e. g. external, conceptual, internal views of database misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 6 Overview of Database Management Why database? Alternatives are unattractive Positive reasons for DBMSs Data independence Reduction of redundancy Avoidance of inconsistency Enforcement of standards Security Integrity Use of markets isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 7 Database Architecture These comments apply broadly to all types of DBMSs but, will focus on SQL, big guys systems ANSI/SPARC (broadly accepted) framework Three levels: External Conceptual Internal Relational refers to how the data appears to users, so to the external and conceptual levels – How it appears (as tables) and – How you operate on it – Recall: metaphors misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 8 The External Level The individual user level (application programmer, someone interacting online with the database, or an application, or a user via a nice front end) Users (typically) interact with a DBMS using a language of some sort. e. g. , SQL, either embedded in a programming language or interactively e. g. , QBE for users Data sublanguage vs host language Data sublanguage: Data definition language (DDL) Data manipulation language (DML) The point of external views: to give different users different views of the data – Views: concept, advantages isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 9 The Conceptual Level A representation of the entire information content of the database from the point of view of the underlying data model (here, relational) Conceptual schema Conceptual schema is to be pure; no refernce to the physical misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 10 The Internal Level Described by the internal schema Refers to details of the physical representation – E. g. , how records are laid out on a hard drive But NOT to device-specific physical details isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 11 The Database Administrator Data administratormakes strategic and policy decisions Database administratortechnical support for implementing policy decisions Defines internal schema Liaison with users Oversees and defines security and integrity checks Manages backup and recovery Performance monitoring, database tuning misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 12 The Parts-Supplier Database Three tables: S (suppliers), P (parts), SPS S# SNAME STATUS CITY ====================================== S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Smith Jones Blake Clark Adams 20 10 30 20 30 London Paris Paris London Athens Table (and relation) Tuple (or record) Field Attribute Domain Data types Data atomicity Key, key field misnotes-dbms- 19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 13 The Parts-Supplier Database (continued) P P# PNAME COLOR WEIGHT CITY ====================================== P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Nut Bolt Screw Screw Cam Cog Red Green Blue Red Blue Red 12 17 17 14 12 19 London Paris Rome London Paris London Ordering on the rows?Does CITY in P mean the same as CITY in S? 17 what? Pounds? Ounces? Tons? Kilograms? Why more than one table? How do we answer queries that rely on data in more than one table? misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 14 The Parts-Supplier Database (continued) SP S# P# QTY ====================================== S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S2 S3 S4 S4 S4 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 P2 P2 P2 P4 P5 300 200 400 200 100 100 300 400 200 200 300 400 S5? S6? Double key, S#-P# Why more than one table? How do we answer queries that rely on data in more than one table? misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 15

What is Flash Fiction (And 6 Ways to Write Your Own)

What is Flash Fiction (And 6 Ways to Write Your Own) What is Flash Fiction? For sale: baby shoes, never worn.If you've seen this story before, congrats: you know what flash fiction is. Whether these six words were written by Ernest Hemingway, Arthur C. Clarke, or The Spokane Press doesn’t really matter. It’s a premier example of everything fiction’s shortest form can do. One of the best parts of short shorts? They're stories small enough to fit in the comment section of your favorite writing blog! Put these tips into action and leave us your own flash fiction in the comment box below.

Plitical sciencePeriod effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plitical sciencePeriod effects - Essay Example Period effects also include main political or economic transformation in the world such as the reunification of Germany, the collapse of the Soviet Union or the introduction of Social Security and Medicare in America. The Great Depression of 1930 and its effects as an example of periodic effect The Great depression in 1930 is a period marked by tremendous economic and social upheavals in America. The most affected populations were the Mexican Americans that constituted a majority of the Latinos in US. The Great depression brought increasing anti-Mexicans, anti-immigration sentiments, rising unemployment, discrimination in the work place and lack of social welfare programs especially for Mexican Americans. The crises began on October 29, 1929 and soon spread throughout US and later to other countries. In 1930 as the crises worsened, 1.4 million Mexican Americans found themselves to vulnerable situations. The US citizens viewed Mexican Americans as foreigners, whether they were US citi zen or not, and intensified xenophobic attacks on them. Us government excluded Mexican Americans from its relief programs and employers exploited them while mobs attacked their enterprise (Szklo and Javier 9). The Great Depression on reaching its peak, a quarter of US workers became unemployed. Unemployment increased demands on underfunded local and state relief programs. US government and media blamed the Mexican Americans for the situation, although they received less than 10% of the relief. The counties, cities and states in US received increased pressure to provide social welfare programs and relief as the situation worsened. The US government responded by giving priority to American nationals at the expense of Mexican nationals (Szklo and Javier 11). The cities passed laws that denied relief programs to immigrants. Other local governments denied Mexican Americans relief to force them work for low wages in domestic work and agriculture sector. Some states like Texas and Californ ian required Mexicans to show naturalization papers or prove that they were in the process of getting US citizenship before getting relief. The federal government also denied New Deal work relief to Mexican nationals that failed to prove US citizenship (Szklo and Javier 13). The hard conditions made Mexican Americans find creative ways of surviving. The Mexican women sold food, made their own clothes and scavenged for scraps in order to feed and care for their families. Some left US voluntarily or because of pressure while others organized to fight for better conditions. Some Mexican women formed self help groups to provide services to its members. A good example is the middle-class Mexican American women in San Antoni, who formed la Beneficencia Mexicana. The group started a health clinic to provide prenatal services to poor women. Other Mexican women in San Antonio came up with the Catholic Relief Association to help distribute food, clothing and shelter to unemployed people withi n the Mexican American community. Between the year 1931-1934, Mexican population residing in US faced deportation or repatriation and about one million Mexicans born and raised in America left US. The federal government responded to a popular opinion that blamed Mexican for the national economic crises by coming up with deportation programs. US government officials carried out publicized deportation raids in both the rural

Brand Extension Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Extension Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Lavington Green Village is an estate that is mainly made up of high class persons who live luxurious lives. Therefore, the customers mainly demand products that will improve their living standards or increase their lifestyles. Low class products do not have an impact on the market since the people already have the product. This is known from the statistics taken by Clean-So Company. Secondary market trends; these will be short term price fluctuations in the market which may last for only a few days or weeks. Under this trend, the prices may rise or may fall. This trend will affect the way in which the customers view the product because; customers may generalize a price increase to have affected all the products in the market (Winer, 2004). Secular market trend; under this trend, customers are likely to change their tastes and preferences since the trend is long-term. Primary market trend; this trend will also influence the customers since it lasts for a year or more. Therefore, by at the end of one whole year the customers will have changed to other products (EconomyWatch, 2010). The market is growing since; statistics show that there has been a continuous increase in the users of the products each year. The population also keeps on increasing and hence, the users of the products keep on increasing in number. The growth trends observed includes cyclic and exponential trends. This is evidenced by the data which shows that the numbers of customers have been increasing exponentially. A growing market implies an increasing demand and hence; the company will address it by increasing the output. Strengths; the company has three key strengths which include; it has a strong marketing unit and hence can attract a large number of customers. The company also has qualified and experienced employees. Thirdly, it has the strength of being innovative and creative. However, the company