Looking At Employees Of Big Brothers Big Sisters Public Agency Social Work Essay Essays

Looking At Employees Of Big Brothers Big Sisters Public Agency Social Work Essay Essays Looking At Employees Of Big Brothers Big Sisters Public Agency Social Work Essay Essay Looking At Employees Of Big Brothers Big Sisters Public Agency Social Work Essay Essay their grade, and so on. Another of import standard is the professional experience, preferred in the field of instruction, including establishments and organisations, where an applier has been working and how long the applier has been working at that place, any wagess and other Markss of professional development. In add-on, the bureau pays a batch of attending to psychological feature of appliers carry oning psychological trials to uncover their basic dispositions and traits of character suitable for work in the bureau. Literature Review The bureau pays a batch of attending to the quality of services and effectual direction of the bureau to guarantee the high quality of mentoring being provided by professionals working at the bureau to the young person. At the same clip, the quality direction begins with the enlisting of the forces and proviso of mentoring services to kids in different states of the universe. In such a state of affairs, human resource direction in Big Brothers Big Sisters becomes important for the overall success of the organisational public presentation. On analysing the development of the Big Brothers Big Sisters bureau, many specializers ( Schein, 1999 ) point out that the bureau was traditionally oriented on the development of single attack to kids enrolled in plans of the bureau. As a consequence, the bureau had to choose the forces carefully to be able to use the best specializers, who can execute their occupation absolutely and to happen an single attack to each kid. At the same clip, the usage of the single attack to each kid enrolled in the bureau s plans implies that professionals working in the bureau can make their occupation efficaciously and, what is more of import, they can analyze the personality of kids and utilize effectual methods in mentoring them ( Furano, 1993 ) . Basically, this means that professionals working at Big Brothers Big Sisters should hold an in-depth cognition in the field of psychological science. In this respect, Big Brothers Big Sisters is interested in the employment of psychologists and professi onals with the educational background ( Clarke, 2000 ) . What is meant here is the fact that the mark employees and voluntaries the bureau is interested in are professional pedagogues and psychologists. As the affair of fact Big Brothers Big Sisters efforts to spread out its activities and supply kids with mentoring services utilizing pedagogues and psychologists working at the bureau. In this respect, it is peculiarly notable to advert the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters employs professionals to make the voluntary occupation ( Hussey and Ong, 2000 ) . The latter is peculiarly of import, taking into consideration the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters is non-profit bureau. Therefore, the bureau can non afford undertaking professional pedagogues and psychologists en masse to mentor kids. In this regard, specializers ( Hart, 2004 ) point out that Big Brothers Big Sisters involves voluntaries to supply kids with mentoring services. At this point, it is deserving adverting the fact that pedagogues and psychologists working at Big Brothers Big Sisters do parttime occupations and frequently they combine their work at a school, college or university with their voluntary occupation at th e bureau. As a consequence, pedagogues working at Big Brothers Big Sisters have an extended experience and they are eager to work with kids to assist them. At the same clip, Big Brothers Big Sisters employs contracted employees but these employees are employed for the direction of the bureau chiefly ( Bovee and Thill, 2005 ) . Obviously, the effectual direction is important for the positive organisational public presentation and endurance of the non-profit bureau because Big Brothers Big Sisters can non afford transporting on its mentoring service, if the bureau is managed ill and is running out of money. On the other manus, the managerial staff of the company is non wholly contracted ( Peters, 2007 ) . In other words, there are both contracted and non-contracted directors working at the bureau. The employment of non-contracted employees and directors is highly of import for the bureau because these employees and directors bring in enthusiasm in the work of the bureau. These employees and directors are concerned with their work and they do non see fiscal wagess and material benefits as the ultimate end of their work. Alternatively, they are concerned with the non-material values and benefits they can give to kids enrolled in the bureau s plans. Furthermore, the bureau conducts the scheme of the employment of contract employees for preparation ( Notorantonio, 2006 ) . The preparation of the forces is really of import for the bureau and comprises an built-in portion of the organisational civilization and scheme of Big Brothers Big Sisters. The development of the bureau is accelerated due to the preparation of employees working at Big Brothers Big Sisters. In this regard, it is deserving adverting the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters provide professionals working at the bureau to better their making through preparation. In such a manner, the voluntary occupation in the bureau allows professionals working at Big Brothers Big Sisters to develop their professional accomplishments and abilities and to increase their professional degree. From the really get downing it would be indispensable to observe that human resources are in the centre of the probe of BBBS public bureau. It is indispensable to observe that Big Brothers and Big Sisters is non-profit-making organisation that is why it has a twine trade with the volunteering and realisations of the plans it provides got to match to modern-day U.S statute law. It is a good known fact that the company plays in the service oriented industry and the corporate values of the non-profit-making organisation drama rather a important function in matching to the Equal Employment Opportunity policies provided within the Civil Rights Act in 1964 covering with the protectionism the Equal Employment Opportunity: forbid the prejudiced patterns in hiring, dispatching, publicity, layoff, and wage of workersaˆÂ ¦these policies extend to the preparation, choice, or enlisting of workers ( United States Commission on Human Rights, 1969 ) . It will non be surprising that the compan y, runing on the high quality degree and playing a noticeable function in public service and working with kids, keeps to the equality policy in all the beginnings covering with human resource direction and hiring, particularly the facet of equal payment. As every successful public bureau that wishes to match to the modern-day development of HR policies and supply successful plans Big Brothers and Big Sisters public bureau supports medical insurance and benefits system for its workers, industry compensation and net income sharing benefits for those most unmarked group in the industry the client service and ramp workers. Another important jurisprudence that regulates retirement plans and protects the employees is Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( ERISA ) . It should be noted that the company does non distribute any information about the retirement plans. It happens because BBBS employs chiefly immature people, which would be easier to acquire along with the kids, the nucleus mark group of this public bureau. The followers will exemplify what is called volunteering for BBBS: You have the chance to assist determine a kid s hereafter for the better by authorising them to accomplish. And the best portion is, it is really a batch of merriment and you can portion the sorts of activities you like to make with your small. You can play athleticss together, travel on a hiking, read books, eat a pizza with excess anchovies or merely give some advice and inspiration. Whatever it is you enjoy, odds are you ll bask them even more with your Small and you ll be doing a life-changing impact ( BBBS, 2010 ) . It will non be a secret that utilizing voluntary s aid could be related for the regular employees have as so called provisional period in order to understand what is the nucleus purpose of their work and does it suit for those who want to maintain on working in the industry of public service and societal working. Large Brother and Big Sisters is considered to be a public bureau that employs a batch of people and it would be obvious to observe that such service oriented company should correlate it recruitment policies with the Equal Pay Act, which provided a important influence on the company s HR and protects work forces and adult females who perform well equal work in the same constitution from sex-based pay favoritism ( Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2009 ) . Large Brothers and Big Sisters public bureau seeks for the energetic people who eager to work in societal domain and understanding the troubles connected with societal working, particularly with such a debatable inquiry as turning up healthy new coevalss. The company provides a figure of benefits for the workers and their households, pulling people who are intended to recognize themselves within the corporation. Harmonizing to the independent probes BBBS Public Agency is a just public bureau, which HR construction and hiring does non really match to the modern-day American norms and statute law. Hence the information covering with the benefits and compensation could barely be observed within the organisation. It should be noted that the company employs a figure of people lawfully and among the benefits it provides, despite medical insurance is changeless instruction and sharing experience between the different sections located all over the state. It should be noted that BBBS is a immense bureau and so ill developed system of benefits and compensation could barely add to its popularity as a public bureau. Taking attention about the new coevalss and the hereafter of the state is truly deserving of praising. But such an old societal establishment should be more careful and attentive to their work demands and demands for the changeless growing It would be indispensable to observe that developing good benefits and compensation system for the employers and edifice HR policies on the wages and benefit system the company would do the BBBS Public Agency attractive for extremely qualified and perspective workers and specializers, who are eager to have competitory rewards and extra figure of fillips for them and their households. It goes without stating that such a system needs important betterment. The major end of the bureau is to mentor kids and assist them to happen their ain manner in their professional calling. In such a context, Big Brothers Big Sisters bureau pays a peculiar attending to the preparation and professional development of its employees and voluntaries to guarantee the high quality of their work and positive organisational public presentation to maximise the effectivity of the work of the bureau and minimise costs spent by the bureau on the care of its installations and human resources. First of wholly, it is of import to put accent on the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters bureau focuses on the usage of attacks which allow the bureau to develop and develop employees and voluntaries within the bureau ( Furano, 1993 ) . The company uses portion cognition plan, which involves preparation classs for employees working within the bureau. The preparation plan includes the organisation of developing squads headed by a manager, who conducts the preparation. Team members portion their cognition and experience they have acquired in the class of their work. The manager works as a usher to squad members. As it was written before the manager besides play a important function in educational plans for the employees. It goes without stating that is really responsible and of import procedure in the bureau. In this regard, the cognition sharing direction is an highly effectual scheme used by the bureau in relation to its employees and voluntaries. The cognition sharing direction implies the organisation of preparation classs and plans within the bureau affecting employees working in the bureau merely. In fact, this means that employees working in the bureau portion their professional cognition and experience with each other in the class of their preparation plans. As a regulation, more experient employees train new comers, whereas directors can develop voluntaries and employees to execute their occupations decently ( Peters, 2007 ) . As the bureau has started to distribute its operations internationally, professionals working in the US trained new employees and voluntaries recruited in other states. As a consequence, the bureau did non affect professionals and trainers from other companies and, therefore, saved costs on preparation and professional development of its employees. Another effectual attack to preparation and professional development of employees used by Big Brothers Big Sisters bureau is the deputation. The deputation means that employees change their places and execute maps and responsibilities of each other, replacing each other ( Beiswinger, 1985 ) . In such a manner, employees learn to execute the occupation of other employees. They get new experience and spread out their professional cognition, develop new accomplishments and abilities ( Greif, 1997 ) . In add-on, they become more responsible and able to understand other employees better because they perform their maps and cognize troubles of their work ( Hussey and Ong, 2000 ) . In such a manner, the deputation contributes non merely to the professional development and preparation of employees but besides to the betterment of interpersonal relationships within the organisation and formation of the positive organisational civilization. The appraisal of the effectivity of the preparation plan is grounded on the employment of pupils mentored by BBBS professionals. At the same clip, the work of each professional is assessed on the footing of his or her appraisal by his or her co-workers, who rate the work of the mark employee from one to ten points severally to his or her success and effectivity. It is of import to reason that BBBS is an effectual organisation that helps kids and immature people to happen their manner in their professional and personal life. Through instruction, BBBS helps the younger coevals to get down a successful and socially incorporate life. Today, the bureau operates internationally that increases the function and effectivity of BBBS as a non-profit organisation. Specialists ( Keener, 1999 ) point out that Big Brothers Big Sisters bureau stresses the importance of the employment of well-qualified professionals to maximise the effectivity of the organisational public presentation and to guarantee the high quality of mentoring services being delivered to kids enrolled in the bureau s services. In this respect, the bureau efforts to keep the high professional degree of its employees and promote their voluntary occupation. On the other manus, the bureau efforts to steer and mentor kids enrolled in its plans throughout their instruction and professional dev elopment to the point, when kids can get down their professional calling. Therefore, taking into history all above mentioned, it is of import to put accent on the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters bureau uses the cognition sharing direction and deputation as the major attacks to preparation and professional development of its employees and voluntaries. Both attacks are effectual and contribute to the professional development of employees and betterment of the organisational civilization. Decision. Recommendations for Further Improvement of HRM Strategies at BBBS. After careful alteration of the Big Brother and Big Sisters HR schemes, functionality and undertaking public presentation at that place have been drawn out a series of recommendations that will assist to better the HR organisation in the public bureau. It would be indispensable to get down with drawbacks. The most important disadvantage noticed within the human resource scheme of BBBS is societal exposure of the workers. This non-profit-making organisation, despite its high degree organisation and purpose to pull extremely qualified professionals does non supply satisfactory system for the employees and voluntaries, who are working on it. This is the first thing needed betterment. Human resources schemes in public bureaus should include societal protection and compensation and benefit system for employees. This would do the work in this bureau more attractive and provide dependable dealingss between employees and employers. This drawback should be improved every bit far as possible, as it was mentioned before the bureau is seeking for extremely qualified professionals to take the squads and supply undertaking public presentation preparations for the staff. Unfortunately information about the staff turnover is non available for the bureau. But it would of import to observe that development of effectual compensation and benefits plan would significantly diminish material turnover within the bureau and do the professional be more interested in working at BBBS. Another strategic drawback that is among the most noticeable is age favoritism. In their hiring schemes Big Brothers Big Sisters public bureau East chiefly on the young person as the mark group for the employment ( it chiefly deals with the voluntaries and the aims and plans the bureau has ) . But it wo nt be a secret that modern-day preparation plans developed by the public bureaus could easy accommodate to those who are in their after 40-s. The aim of the bureau could be interpreted and include non merely youth in the employment plans of the bureau but people which are elder than 40-s. That would assist to develop effectual preparation plans for voluntaries and profession and concentrate on the better organisation of the undertaking public presentation. The cognition and experience of such employees would give bureau the new breath. This information is particularly acute in the present twenty-four hours deficiency of professionals to take the squads and manage and develop preparati on plans for the voluntaries. It goes without stating that solution of these nucleus jobs would better current state of affairs with the firing HR countries in BBBS

Report of Toyota Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of Toyota - Lab Report Example gement mechanism- in order to allow every signatory to translate the mission of the UNGC, it has set goals at both international and local levels to diffuse through all layers of businesses and society. Since inception, Toyota has zeroed in on sustainable development and eco-friendly technology by providing innovative and quality automobiles to the society that are more fuel efficient (Appendix 1) (Toyota n.d). To elaborate further, we have categorized the business practices at Toyota into sections that detail about how it strives to keep pace with international treaties and regulations. Corporate Social Responsibility- Economic development should be shared with environment protection, this is the core element of Toyota and as such, it has incorporated biodiversity guidelines in its Charter and Code of Conduct. TMC has drafted a Corporate Social Responsibility policy that fits well to the guiding principles of the Global Compact. The environment plan in the CSR policy includes manufacturing competencies and designing with recycling capabilities. Supply Chain Regulations- In order to abide by the environmental regulations, TMC checks the labor conditions, local and community situations and the environment on whole before establishing alliance with any of the suppliers. The suppliers are even monitored and trained to determine whether they abide by the guiding principles of Toyota. Raw Materials- Toyota abides by the REACH Regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances) of the European Parliament that directs the suppliers to consider the safety of SVHC (Substances of Very High Concern) in their supply chains. As such, Toyota adheres to the current REACH regulations and has designed its supply chain with an environment perspective where most of its raw materials are recyclable. Recycling- As discussed above, Toyota maintains an Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) recycling plant with a recovery rate of 80% (Steinweg

Population genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Population genetics - Essay Example The equilibrium is the direct consequence of the segregation of alleles at meiosis in heterozygotes. Numerically, the equilibrium shows that irrespective of the particular mixture of genotypes in the parental generation, the genotypic distribution after one round of mating is completely specified by the allelic frequency p. One consequence of the Hardy-Weinberg proportions is that rare alleles are virtually never in homozygous condition. An allele with a frequency of 0.001 occurs in homomygotes at a frequency of only one in a million; most copies of rare alleles are found in heterozygotes. In general, since two copies of an allele are in homozygotes but only one copy of that allele is in each heterozygote, the relative frequency of the allele in the heterozygotes(as opposed to homozygotes) is: Which for q=0.001 is a ratio 999:1. Thus, the frequency of heterozygote carriers of rare genes that are deleterious in a homozygous condition is much greater than the frequency of the affected homomygotes. In our derivation of the equilibrium, we assumed the allelic frequency p is the same in sperm and eggs.

Audit of Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy

Audit of Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy Tables Table 1:Syphilis confirmatory test results for forty nine  pregnant woman 18 Table 2:Syphilis screening results of eleven new-borns of  positive syphilis mother 24 Table 3: Positive syphilis confirmatory test results for sixteen  pregnant woman 30 Figures Figure 1: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening  for mothers 28 Figure 2: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening  for new-borns 28 Tables Table 1: Syphilis confirmatory test results for forty nine pregnant woman 18 Table 2: Syphilis screening results of eleven new-borns of positive syphilis mothers 24 Table 3: Positive syphilis confirmatory test results for sixteen pregnant woman 30 Figures Figure 1: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening for mothers Figure 2: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening for new-borns ABSTRACT Objective: A re-audit of syphilis screening in pregnancy was carried out to ensure that the improvements in laboratory and clinical aspects of management for the antenatalof pregnant women with positive syphilis screening and their new-born babies fully met were in accordance with the UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) and the Guidelines for the Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period (Stringer et al., 2013). Methods: Patients’ data were collected via query of the three databases: Clinisys Labcentre, Telepath and EuroKing. The n the data were analysed using Microsoft Access 2013. Results: Samples from Forty nine49 pregnant woman with positive syphilis results serology were referred to a reference laboratory laboratory were sent to MRI for syphilis serological confirmatory testing. Sixteen pregnant woman with of these women were confirmed to have had had positive syphilis were identified. Ten pregnant woman were re-tested screened at least twice during their pregnancy and six pregnant woman were only screened tested once during pregnancy. Over-testing of for treponemal IgM were seen in nineteen patients[h1] with non-reactive RPR titre. Only eleven babies born to mothers with syphilis were followed-up with serial serological tests for syphilis. Only four new-borns were fully screened. Some of the new-borns were not tested with treponemal IgM due to sample insufficiency. Conclusion: There were some improvements seen since the first audit which includes the changes of the confirmatory testing schedule in MRI, lower screening false positive rate, and increased follow-up of the new-borns. There were also things to improve in the management of syphilis in pregnancy and the new-borns of positive syphilis mothers. Treponemal IgM test should be performed only when the RPR test were reactive to prevent over-testing of patients. The test algorithm for screening of syphilis in new-borns should give priority to RPR test and treponemal IgM to prevent under-testing[h2]. In-house confirmatory testing should be considered to allow reduction of test turnaround time’s thereby aiding patient management.Improvements[h3] should be made in the management of syphilis in pregnancy and the new-borns of positive syphilis mothers. Treponemal IgM test should be performed only when the RPR test were reactive to prevent over-testing of patients. The test algorithm for screening of sy philis in new-borns should give priority to RPR test and treponemal IgM to prevent under-testing[h4]. 1.0  INTRODUCTION 1.1  Syphilis Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum (T.pallidum) subspecies pallidum. The disease is transmitted from human to human, and humans are its only known natural host (Woods 2005). Epidemiologically, in the UK, cases of syphilis have increased in England since 1997 led by a series of outbreaks reported from Manchester, London and Brighton (Health Protection Agency 2009). Since 1999, diagnoses of infectious syphilis have been made in heterosexuals where the outbreaks are linked to sex work, students and young people. But, there was a changing pattern of infection between 1999 and 2008, when seventy three percent of new diagnoses of infectious syphilis were reported in men who have sex with men (Health Protection Agency 2009). The transmission is primarily by sexual activity (Zeltser Kurban 2004) (vaginal and anal intercourse) and by direct contact with active primary or secondary lesions (Lafond Lukehart 2006) for example through oral sex and kissing at or near an infectious lesion (Kent Romanelli 2008). T.pallidum may invade the host through normal mucosal membranes and also through minor abrasions in the skin (Zeltser Kurban 2004) such as from sexual trauma, causing an inflammation, ulcer and then spreading through the blood stream to other parts of the body (Goh 2005). 1.2  Syphilis in Pregnancy Mothers with untreated syphilis may seriously complicate their pregnancy. Vertical transmission of T.pallidum across the placenta (Singh Romanowski 1999) can occur at any time during pregnancy (Vaules et al., 2000; Oswal Lyons 2008), this leads to wide dissemination of the spirochete in the fetus (Woods 2005). Fetal infection resulting in spontaneous abortion, still-birth, premature delivery, non-immune hydrops fetalis and also congenital infection (Singh Romanowski 1999; Vaules et al., 2000; Ledger 2000). Vertical transmission may occur at any stage of syphilis infection. However, the transmission is more common in mothers with primary and secondary stage of syphilis (Singh Romanowski 1999; Vaules et al., 2000; Oswal Lyons 2008) as the risk of transmission depends on the levels of spirochaetemia which are higher in these stages compared to other stages (Vaules et al., 2000). Syphilis may also be transmitted during birth by contact of the new born with the mother’s genita l lesion (Ledger 2000; Berman 2004). 1.3  Congenital Syphilis Signs of infection for early congenital syphilis may appear within the first two years of the infant’s life with clinical manifestations include hepatosplenomegaly, rash, fever, and signs of neurosyphilis, especially bulging fontanel, seizures, and cranial nerve palsies (Mattei et al., 2012; De Santis et al., 2012). As for late congenital syphilis, the sign of infection may only be seen over the first two decades with clinical manifestations such as frontal bossing, nasal cartilage destruction, and dental abnormalities (Mattei et al., 2012; De Santis et al., 2012). Congenital syphilis leads to multiple organ infection because of the widespread haematogenous dissemination (De Santis et al., 2012) that will further cause death in the fetus or new born. However, the disease is almost preventable if mothers with syphilis are treated early in pregnancy (Walker Walker 2007). 1.4  Serologic Test Diagnosis of syphilis is made based on clinical signs and symptoms, microscopic examination and serologic tests (Little 2005). Two types of serologic testing were available; non-treponemal specific tests and treponemal specific tests (Clyne Jerrard 2000). Non-treponemal tests are widely used for testing and screening for syphilis as they are rapid, simple and inexpensive (Ratnam 2005). The example of  non-treponemal tests include the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test (Kent Romanelli 2008). Due to the rate of false-positive results which present in about one to two percent for these tests, the positive results have to be confirmed by sets of treponemal-specific tests such as the T.pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) test, T.pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) test and treponemal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test (Kent Romanelli 2008). 1.4.1  Antenatal Screening The detection and treatment of infectious syphilis are extremely important in preventing congenital syphilis (Chakraborty Luck 2007; Simms Broutet 2008). An effective antenatal screening programme can have a huge impact in the way of managing both mother and baby. All pregnant women should be screened for syphilis at their first antenatal appointment (French et al., 2009) and the test should be repeated early in the third trimester (Goh Thornton 2007). Also, all infants born to seropositive mothers should be examined at birth and at monthly intervals for three months until it is confirmed that serological tests are and remain negative (Oswal Lyons 2008). The primary screening tests recommended (Kingston et al., 2008) are either treponemal EIA or TPPA/TPHA. If the screening test is positive, it must be confirmed by either one of the opposite tests. VDRL or RPR will be performed when the confirmatory test gives positive results (Kingston et al., 2008). 1.5  Audit on Diagnostics of Syphilis in Pregnancy The diagnosis of infectious syphilis in women in the UK increased between 1999 and 2007. The increase of syphilis cases in women has also led to the re-emergence of congenital syphilis in the UK which may suggest sub-optimal management of patients with syphilis (Health Protection Agency 2009). In 2011, an audit on diagnosis of syphilis in pregnancy was performed at the Pennine Acute NHS Trust (PAHT) to ensure the syphilis screening in pregnant women and also the serological diagnostic of their new-born babies followed the UK standard for Microbiology Investigations in Serological Diagnosis of Syphilis which were introduced by Public Health England in 2007 (Public Health England 2014b). The purpose of introducing the standard was to assure equivalence in the investigation strategies in different laboratories across the UK (Public Health England 2014b). The audit reveals the concerns about the delays in syphilis confirmations and insufficient follow-up for new-borns of positive syphilis mothers. At least eighteen percent of positive syphilis cases took more than one month for confirmation and the turnaround time for eleven percent of the syphilis screening cases out of forty five cases took more than one week. It is also found that there was inconsistency in performing treponemal IgM test where fifty three percent of cases (twenty four cases out of forty five cases) were not tested for treponemal IgM. For the management of neonates, only four new-borns were followed-up and among four new-borns, only one have been followed up according to the guidelines. Recommendations made from the audit includes the improvement of time to confirmation of specimens, changes of confirmation test by using treponemal IgM to all pregnant woman, referral of all pregnant woman with inconclusive syphilis confirmation to Genitourinary Medicine (GUM) clinic and management of new-borns where follow-up should be completed according to the guidelines provided (Vladana et al., 2011). 1.6  Re-audit of Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy A re-audit of syphilis screening in pregnancy at the PAHT was performed to discover if changes made after the first audit recommendations have led to the improvement of services. The re-audit was carried out three years after the first audit done in 2011. The re-audit aimed to ensure that the improvements in laboratory and clinical aspects of management for the antenatal women with positive syphilis screening and their new-born babies were in accordance with the UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) and the Guidelines for the Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period (Stringer et al., 2013). 2.0  METHODOLOGY 2.1  Background The PAHT comprises four major district general hospitals; North Manchester General, Fairfield General Hospital, Rochdale Infirmary and The Royal Oldham. Some 12,000 women annually present for antenatal care. Women usually attend for antenatal care at one of three antenatal clinics or one of several General Practice Clinics within the community. In the UK antenatal infectious disease screening is usually performed at three months gestation (http://www.screening.nhs.uk/). Women are offered screening for rubella immunity, hepatitis B virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection and T.pallidum (syphilis) infection. Among 12,000 women screened within the PAHT in the period 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2013, a series of forty nine pregnant woman with positive syphilis serology were identified. To determine whether syphilis screening and follow up care of babies born to these mothers followed the UK Guidelines of the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) and the Gui delines for the Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period (Stringer et al., 2013), a retrospective study was performed. 2.2  Diagnosis of Syphilis Pathway Patients’ blood sample was collected with informed consent at the antenatal clinic and laboratory test requests were made. The patients’ information was recorded in the maternity information system database; â€Å"EuroKing† (Euroking, Chertsey, Surrey, UK). Samples were transported to The Royal Oldham Hospital (TROH) microbiology laboratory via the hospital transport system to be tested. Patient demographic information was recorded in the laboratory data system Clinisys Labcentre (Clinisys, Chertsey, Surrey, UK). If the syphilis screening test was negative, a report was generated and then posted to the antenatal clinics where the sample came from. If the syphilis screening test was positive, the sample was sent to a reference laboratory, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership Laboratory at Manchester Royal Infirmary (MRI) for confirmatory testing. Testing at the MRI comprises two treponemal enzyme immunoassay tests for total treponemal antibody; a T.pallidum specific assay (EIA); the T.pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA); the reagin precipitin assay (RPR) and where appropriate a T.pallidum specific IgM enzyme immunoassay (IgM) in accordance with national guidelines (Kingston et al., 2008). These results were recorded in the MRI laboratory database system, (Telepath; CSC Healthcare, Banbury, Oxfordshire, UK) and a printed copy of the patient test results was sent back to TROH microbiology laboratory. The reference laboratory report was transcribed onto the Clinisys Labcentre system and a printed report was generated to be to the antenatal clinics. Finally, the patients’ report received by the antenatal clinics was recorded in the patients’ notes and updated in the EuroKing system. 2.3  Data Collection Data collection for the study was accomplished via query of the three databases: the PAHT laboratory database system, Clinisys Labcentre, the MRI database system, Telepath and the maternity information system database, EuroKing. The data gathered including the patients’ hospital number, NHS number and specimen number, date of birth, the date of sample collection and report, and also the syphilis serology data which includes the patients’ treponemal EIA, TPPA, RPR and treponemal IgM results. The sample collection and sample reported data were obtained to investigate the turnaround time taken for the diagnosis within the laboratory. 2.4  Analysis of Data The laboratory system data was presented as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, USA). All the patients’ data were then imported and assembled in Microsoft Access 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, USA). The data for the forty nine pregnant woman with positive syphilis serology were analysed using Microsoft Access 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, USA). 2.5  Clinical Audit This was conducted under the Clinical Audit provision of the NHS National Research Ethics Committee (National Research Ethics Service 2008). The work was registered and approved as a Clinical Audit with the Clinical Audit Department of the PAHT. Data analysed was anonymised before release from the Trust to comply with Data Protection Guidelines (Caldicott Committee 1997). The clinical audit used the UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) as a standard. 3.0  RESULTS Fifty positive syphilis serology results were identified from forty nine pregnant woman undergoing routine antenatal infectious disease screening at TROH microbiology laboratory. All specimens were screened with Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay test using the Abbott Architect Syphilis TP Assay (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA). The fifty specimens were also sent to the Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership Laboratory, MRI which acts as a reference laboratory for syphilis serological confirmatory testing. 3.1  Confirmation Methods by MRI The reference laboratory confirms syphilis screening with two treponemal EIAs, a semi-quantitative TPPA, a semi-quantitative RPR, and where appropriate a T.pallidum specific EIA for IgM antibody in accordance with national guidelines (Kingston et al. 2008). The first treponemal EIA test was the same Abbott Architect Syphilis TP Assay (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA) used at TROH for syphilis serological testing; the second treponemal EIA test used the DiaSorin Liaison XL System (DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy), the semi-quantitative TPPA was the Serodia TPPA Assay (Fujirebio Diagnostics, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), the semi-quantitative RPR was the Abbott Syfacard – RR card test (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA), and the T.pallidum specific EIA for IgM were run using CAPTIA Syphilis-IgM Assay (Trinity Biotech, Ireland, UK). Where necessary, further testing using T.pallidum specific immunoblotting and/or T.pallidum specific polymerase chain reaction testing are also used in confir mation testing. All specimens were confirmed using treponemal EIA, TPPA and RPR but only about twenty nine specimen out of fifty specimen were tested using treponemal IgM. There were seventeen positive screening with syphilis and thirty three negative screening with syphilis. Negative screening was defined by having negative results for either one or both treponemal EIA, TPPA titres of less than 1:80 and RPR titre of less than 1:2; positive results were defined by having positive results for both treponemal EIAs, a TPPA titre of greater than or equal to 1:160, RPR titre greater than or equal to 1:2 and positive results of treponemal IgM (Table 1). Table 1: Syphilis confirmatory test results for forty nine pregnant woman. Patient numbers with symbol â€Å"*† are pregnant woman with positive syphilis results. Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA InterpretationResult 1 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative *2 1 Positive Positive 1:640 Negative Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:320 Negative Negative 3 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 4 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative *5 1 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:64 Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:64 Not Done 3 Positive Positive 1:2560 1:8 Not Done Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA Result 6 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative *7 1 Positive Positive 1:640 Negative Not Done Positive *8 1 Positive Positive 1:1280 Negative Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:2560 1:1 Not Done 9 1 Negative Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 10 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative 11 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 2 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done *12 1 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:4 Negative Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:4 Not Done Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA Interpretation *13 1 Positive Positive 1:640 1:64 Not Done Positive 14 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative 15 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 16 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 17 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative 18 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 2 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done *19 1 Positive Positive 1:640 Negative Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:1280 Negative Not Done 20 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA Result 21 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative *22 1 Positive Positive 1:640 1:4 Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:1280 1:4 Not Done 23 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 24 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done

car accident :: essays research papers

Traumatic events come in many different ways at many different times of ones life. Mine came on the school bus while I was on my way home from school. The bus had stopped to let a couple kids off and I stood up to throw some trash away. I stood up we were rear ended by a young lady who had been trying to get a bee out of the car and not realized the bus had stopped. I was standing up and the impact caused me to bang into the seat in front of me and the one behind me. I didn’t realize what had happened until moments later when someone said something. As I began to sit down I felt a sharp pain shoot through my body and my heart started to beat rapidly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The accident made me realize that nothing is for certain and you shouldn’t take anything for granted. I had always viewed riding a school bus has something that wouldn’t put me in danger, after all the drivers are trained professionals, right? What I never considered was the actions of others and how complete strangers can change your life in a bigger and more significant way than some of the people closes to you. I had never really considered dying at a young age because my grandparents lived to be old. After that bus ride home my outlook on life was severely changed and I started to appreciate my parents more an tell them I loved them a lot more often because wasn’t sure if we’d both be around to say it the next time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The car accident will always be a major moment in my life because of what it showed me. That accident gave me visual proof that God has a plan for everyone and everything has a reason or hidden message. Just when I was coming to a point in my life where I was beginning to see where I fit in at school, it reminded me to cherish every moment has though it was my last, because I don’t know when it’ll be over.

Important Events in Contemporary History

INT1010 Contemporary World One Event #1: The Korean War 1950 On June 25th 1950, communist North Korea proceeded to invade western- supported South Korea to unite Korea by force. Significance to contemporary history: Event #2: Malayan Independence 1957 What happened? Significance to contemporary history: Malayan Independence reinforced the ending of colonialism in South East Asia. Also, it signified the ability and right to self-rule for previously colonized states. Following independence, Malaya’s tin and rubber export also gave a significant boost to the US dollar. Event #3: The formation of the Berlin Wall 1961 What happened? In August 1961, a physical partition of between East and West Germany was put in place in Berlin under the command of President Khrushchev. Significance on contemporary history: The Berlin Wall symbolized the acceptance of the status quo in Europe by both sides. The most significant aspect of the Berlin Wall is arguably the fact that it clarified worldwide the difference between the two superpowers and their varying political system. The Berlin Wall went on to become the symbol of the ultimate measure of inadequacy of communism. Event #4: The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Significance to contemporary history: The Cuban Missile Crisis marks the first and only time the world has come close to a nuclear war. As a result, both The Soviet Union and The United States worked towards improving their communication and easing tensions, which led to the creation of a ‘hot-line’ between American and Soviet capitals. However, both parties also continued the development of their nuclear weapons, which resulted in a world of mutually assured destruction (MAD). Event #5: Islamic Revolution In Iran (also known as the Iranian Revolution) 1979 What happened? Significance in contemporary history: The revolution brought much attention to Islam and interest in the concept â€Å"neither East nor West† that is, not American or Soviet policies. The newly Islamic republic also called for the overthrow of or other monarchies and the replacement of them with Islamic leaders. Internally, the revolution gave rise to the improvement of healthcare and education while also, eliminating secularism and the American influence in the government. Bibliography Timon Singh, ‘The Construction of The Berlin Wall’, 2009, http://www. euinfrastructure. com/news/construction-of-the-berlin-wall/, accessed 23 March 2010 Anthony Best, International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond, Oxon 2004, p240-242, 250-253, 463-466.

Human Nature Is Good, And Being A Beast - 1165 Words

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, and the author of Leviathan. Hobbes declared that human life was â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short†(Hobbes, 107). Hobbes felt that the natural state of man was beast-like, and savage. Thus, he felt that it is civilization that influences and challenges humanity from our fundamental wickedness. Within his view, human nature is dangerous; which can only be rescued through culture and community. According to Hobbes, being â€Å"civilized† is good, and being a â€Å"beast† is not accepted. Contrast this with the view of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau was an Enlightenment philosopher, and wrote The Social Contract which heavily influenced the French Revolution: â€Å"Man is born free, and yet we see him everywhere in chains†(Rousseau, 5). He declared that humans in previous times were â€Å"noble savages†. That humans are ultimately naturally good, and it is â€Å"civilization† that turns hu man-kind into a savage beast. Thus, Rousseau argued that present-day humans should seek to restore the natural conditions in which they were created to live a more natural life. Both theorists argue the origins of power, each with their own arguments. To begin with, Hobbes’ and Rousseau’s views differ from each other in terms of the natural origin and state of mankind. Hobbes’ theory is largely based on the idea of â€Å"individualism†: that society can be explained by examining the individuals who form it. Consequently, Hobbes claimed that all humans are ultimatelyShow MoreRelatedInner Evil in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay620 Words   |  3 Pagesthey fear more than the beast. The beast is not a tangible object that can be killed or destroyed by conventional means, but an idea symbolizing the primal savage instincts within all people. 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